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A rapid review of evidence was conducted to examine emerging evidence on the effects of the pandemic on three components of nurturing care, including responsive caregiving, early learning, and safety and security.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two academic databases, organisational websites and reference lists were searched for original studies published between 1 January and 25 October 2020. A single reviewer completed the study selection and data extraction with verification by a second reviewer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included studies with a complete methodology and reporting on quantitative or qualitative evidence related to nurturing care during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies reporting on outcomes related to responsive caregiving, early learning, and safety and security were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search yielded 4410 citations in total, and 112 studies from over 30 countries met our eligibility criteria. The early evidence base is weighted towards studies in high-income countries, studies related to caregiver mental health and those using quantitative survey designs. Studies reveal issues of concern related to increases in parent and caregiver stress and mental health difficulties during the pandemic, which was linked to harsher and less warm or responsive parenting in some studies. A relatively large number of studies examined child safety and security and indicate a reduction in maltreatment referrals. Lastly, studies suggest that fathers\u2019 engagement in caregiving increased during the early phase of the pandemic, children\u2019s outdoor play and physical activity decreased (while screen time increased), and emergency room visits for child injuries decreased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results highlight key evidence gaps (ie, breastfeeding support and opportunities for early learning) and suggest the need for increased support and evidence-based interventions to ensure young children and other caregivers are supported and protected during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T12:25:48Z","timestamp":1654777548000},"page":"e050417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nurturing care during COVID-19: a rapid review of early evidence"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerrie","family":"Proulx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Alliance for Human Development, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lenzi-Weisbecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-659X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristy","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Epidemiology Division, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Omoeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Cavallera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Use, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Daelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Use, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120601141372000_12.6.e050417.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30736-4","article-title":"Parenting in a time of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Cluver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025120601141372000_12.6.e050417.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.020"},{"key":"2025120601141372000_12.6.e050417.3","unstructured":"UNICEF, World Bank, World Health Organization . 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