{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:23:27Z","timestamp":1768321407996,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633219200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFC No. ECD\/NTF\/20\/2020-21\/Covid Dated 23.07.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFC No. ECD\/NTF\/20\/2020-21\/Covid Dated 23.07.2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Large data on the clinical characteristics and outcome of COVID-19 in the Indian population are scarce. We analysed the factors associated with mortality in a cohort of moderately and severely ill patients with COVID-19 enrolled in a randomised trial on convalescent plasma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Secondary analysis of data from a Phase II, Open Label, Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma to Limit COVID-19 Associated Complications in Moderate Disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>39 public and private hospitals across India during the study period from 22 April to 14 July 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 464 patients recruited, two were lost to follow-up, nine withdrew consent and two patients did not receive the intervention after randomisation. The cohort of 451 participants with known outcome at 28 days was analysed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Factors associated with all-cause mortality at 28 days after enrolment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean (SD) age was 51\u00b112.4 years; 76.7% were males. Admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 2.4\u00b11.1. Non-invasive ventilation, invasive ventilation and vasopressor therapy were required in 98.9%, 8.4% and 4.0%, respectively. The 28-day mortality was 14.4%. Median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was similar in survivors (4 days; IQR 3\u20137) and non-survivors (4 days; IQR 3\u20136). Patients with two or more comorbidities had 2.25 (95% CI 1.18 to 4.29, p=0.014) times risk of death. When compared with survivors, admission interleukin-6 levels were higher (p&lt;0.001) in non-survivors and increased further on day 3. On multivariable Fine and Gray model, severity of illness (subdistribution HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.35, p&lt;0.001), PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ratio &lt;100 (3.47, 1.64\u20137.37, p=0.001), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio &gt;10 (9.97, 3.65\u201327.13, p&lt;0.001), D-dimer &gt;1.0 mg\/L (2.50, 1.14\u20135.48, p=0.022), ferritin \u2265500\u2009ng\/mL (2.67, 1.44\u20134.96, p=0.002) and lactate dehydrogenase \u2265450\u2009IU\/L (2.96, 1.60\u20135.45, p=0.001) were significantly associated with death.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this cohort of moderately and severely ill patients with COVID-19, severity of illness, underlying comorbidities and elevated levels of inflammatory markers were significantly associated with death.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CTRI\/2020\/04\/024775.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T16:35:27Z","timestamp":1633365327000},"page":"e050571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Factors associated with mortality among moderate and severe patients with COVID-19 in India: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4402-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy John","family":"Mammen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Snehil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lovely","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunjan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials and Health Systems Research Unit, ICMR, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Zachariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmanan","family":"Jeyaseelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Victor","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials and Health Systems Research Unit, ICMR, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials and Health Systems Research Unit, ICMR, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranab","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Global Health Policy and Research Cell, ICMR, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess Elizabeth","family":"Rasalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binila","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thenmozhi","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-994X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melvin","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Rupali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malathi","family":"Murugesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Infection Control Committee, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolly","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Latha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Bundas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Dosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janakkumar R","family":"Khambholja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6151-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B Thrilok","family":"Chander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Secunderabad-Padmarao Nagar, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Bahadur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simmi","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaj","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, Satguru Partap Singh Hospitals, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Om","family":"Shrivastav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Barge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, RCSM Government Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Bajpayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, AIIMS Patna, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muralidhar","family":"Tambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, B J Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nimisha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Faridabad, Faridabad, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shreepad","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Smt Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram S","family":"Kaulgud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Gurtoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D Himanshu","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, King George Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tinkal C","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Nagori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, GMERS Medical College Gotri Vadodara, Vadodara, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramod R","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K V Sreedhar","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Aparna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil Jodharam","family":"Panjwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milind","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vrushali Khirid","family":"Khadke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Pulmonology, Poona Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, Super Speciality Paediatric Hospital and Teaching Hospital, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravindraa","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, R D Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayashree","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Medicine, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yojana A","family":"Gokhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pragya D","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gajanan","family":"Sapkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Kaushal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Influenza Group, ICMR, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V Saravana","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002502"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v91i1.9397"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.3","unstructured":"Perappadan BS . India\u2019s first coronavirus infection confirmed in Kerala. The Hindu [online], 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/indias-first-coronavirus-infection-confirmed-in-kerala\/article30691004.ece [Accessed 17 Nov 2020]."},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2131_20"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.5","unstructured":"MoHFW | Home [online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mohfw.gov.in\/ [Accessed 3 Jan 2021]."},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108427","article-title":"COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review","volume":"215","author":"Yuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3939","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate covid-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID trial)","volume":"151","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.9","unstructured":"Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services . Clinical management protocol for COVID-19-Version 3. Government of India 2020."},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020354"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1909159"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_957_20"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.13","unstructured":"Clinical management of COVID-19 [online]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/clinical-management-of-covid-19 [Accessed 3 Jan 2021]."},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00710-6","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of different subtypes and risk factors for the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia L , Chen J , Friedemann T , et al . The course of mild and moderate COVID-19 infections\u2014the unexpected long-lasting challenge. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;7.doi:10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa286","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa286"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3539","article-title":"Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy","volume":"180","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0736LE"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.012"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043651"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110160","article-title":"Apparent difference in fatalities between central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: four hypotheses for possible explanation","volume":"144","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.29","unstructured":"Ined - Institut national d\u2019\u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques . Demographics of COVID-19 Deaths [online]. Available: https:\/\/dc-covid.site.ined.fr\/en\/ [Accessed 16 Nov 2020]."},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006392117"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.05.045"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry BM , Lippi G . Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int Urol Nephrol 2020:1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.09.046","article-title":"COVID-19 and COPD: pooled analysis of observational studies","volume":"158","author":"Venkata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya D , Lee K , Lee YS . Mortality rate and predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Healthc Basel Switz 2020;8.doi:","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8030338"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00524-2020"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M , Cheng B , Zeng W , et al . Analysis of the risk factors for mortality in adult COVID-19 patients in Wuhan: a multicenter study. Front Med 2020;7 doi:10.3389\/fmed.2020.00545","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00545"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108293"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30271-0"},{"key":"2025101813161466000_11.10.e050571.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z , Hu Q , Huang F . The prognostic value of the SOFA score in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective observational study 2020 https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/ppr\/ppr231113","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-76663\/v1"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050571","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:16:29Z","timestamp":1760818589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}}}