{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:45:42Z","timestamp":1791549942393,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute","award":["D1404070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1404070"]}]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and North Star Alliance","award":["0068 North Star \u2013 NSCDP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0068 North Star \u2013 NSCDP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major problem globally. Truck drivers have an increased risk of CVD due to a sedentary lifestyle, irregular working hours and behavioural choices. We aimed to get insight into the contribution of night shift work to CVD risk in long-distance truck drivers in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enrolment took place at three South African truck stop locations in two provinces; Bloemfontein (Free State), Pomona Road (Gauteng) and Soweto (Gauteng).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>607 males aged \u226518 years with full-time employment as a long-distance truck driver were included. The criteria for inclusion were willingness and being able to provide informed consent and to complete the study procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information was collected on sociodemographics, occupational and health characteristics. Physical measurements, an ECG and carotid intima\u2013media thickness (CIMT) measurements were taken. A night shift was defined as working at least 3\u2009hours between 22:00 and 6:00 hours once a week. CVD risk was defined with the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk algorithm, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and CIMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 607 truck drivers were included of which 305 (50.2%) worked in day shifts only and 302 (49.8%) worked day and night shifts. There was a high prevalence of CVD risk factors in both groups as 33% were hypertensive, 28% obese and 37% had abnormal lipid levels. Working day and night shifts compared with working only day shifts did not result in differences in FRS, ASCVD risk or LVH. No difference was found in CIMT measurements, except for the maximum bulb thickness which was higher in day shift workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVD risk factors are considerably present in male truck drivers in South Africa. CVD risk does not differ between dayshift and day\u2013night shift workers in this cross-sectional analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T13:41:18Z","timestamp":1649857278000},"page":"e050645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of shift work on cardiovascular disease risk in Southern African long-distance truck drivers: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Melvin","family":"Draaijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Scheuermaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Sleep Laboratory, Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-1643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta Tresha","family":"Lalla-Edward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6882-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Emilio","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diederick E","family":"Grobbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Unit, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alinda","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, a sub-division of Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa"},{"name":"Global Health Unit, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121509504506000_12.4.e050645.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005"},{"key":"2025121509504506000_12.4.e050645.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485"},{"key":"2025121509504506000_12.4.e050645.3","unstructured":"WHO . 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