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The co-use of these substances also has important implications for health service planning, specifically ensuring appropriate and adequate clinical treatment. To date, there have been no synthesis of the literature on the prevalence of tobacco and cannabis co-use in adult clinical populations. Improved understanding of the current prevalence, route of administration and specific subpopulations with the highest rates of tobacco and cannabis co-use will support future intervention development. We aim to provide a pooled estimate of the percentage of smokers who report using cannabis and to examine the prevalence of co-use by sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We will conduct a systematic review using six scientific databases with published articles from 2000 to 2022 inclusive (CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Scopus). Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English that report on tobacco and cannabis use will be included. Rates of co-use (simultaneous or sequentially) and routes of administration will be assessed. Use in populations groups will be described. Quality assessments will be conducted for all included studies. Data will be synthesised using a narrative approach. This study will be conducted from June 2022 to the end of August 2022.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review is based on previously published data and, therefore, ethical approval or written informed consent will not be required. It is the intention of the research team to disseminate the results of the systematic review as a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CRD42020194051.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T12:06:51Z","timestamp":1651493211000},"page":"e050681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of cannabis use among tobacco smokers: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Skelton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonelle","family":"Handley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billie","family":"Bonevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811320874000_12.5.e050681.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13101039","article-title":"Tobacco control progress in low and middle income countries in comparison to high income countries","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101811320874000_12.5.e050681.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132401","article-title":"A systematic review of tobacco smoking prevalence and description of tobacco control strategies in sub-Saharan African countries; 2007 to 2014","volume":"10","author":"Brathwaite","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101811320874000_12.5.e050681.3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 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