{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:27:27Z","timestamp":1790162847664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023262","name":"Jon Moulton Charity Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023262","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DRF-2018-11-ST2-054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRF-2018-11-ST2-054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), the red flag symptom for endometrial cancer, triggers urgent investigation by transvaginal ultrasound scan, hysteroscopy and\/or endometrial biopsy. These investigations are costly, invasive and often painful or distressing for women. In a pilot study, we found that voided urine and non-invasive vaginal samples from women with endometrial cancer contain malignant cells that can be identified by cytology. The aim of the\n                      <jats:underline>DE<\/jats:underline>\n                      veloping\n                      <jats:underline>T<\/jats:underline>\n                      ests for\n                      <jats:underline>E<\/jats:underline>\n                      ndometrial\n                      <jats:underline>C<\/jats:underline>\n                      ancer de\n                      <jats:underline>T<\/jats:underline>\n                      ection (DETECT) Study is to determine the diagnostic test accuracy of urine and vaginal cytology for endometrial cancer detection in women with PMB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a multicentre diagnostic accuracy study of women referred to secondary care with PMB. Eligible women will be asked to provide a self-collected voided urine sample and a vaginal sample collected with a Delphi screener before routine clinical procedures. Pairs of specialist cytologists, blinded to participant cancer status, will assess and classify samples independently, with differences settled by consensus review or involving a third cytologist. Results will be compared with clinical outcomes from standard diagnostic tests. A sample size of 2000\u2009women will have 80% power to establish a sensitivity of vaginal samples for endometrial cancer detection by cytology of \u226585%\u00b17%, assuming 5% endometrial cancer prevalence. The primary objective is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of urogenital samples for endometrial cancer detection by cytology. Secondary objectives include the acceptability of urine and vaginal sampling to women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been approved by the North West\u2013Greater Manchester West Research Ethics Committee (16\/NW\/0660) and the Health Research Authority. Results will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals, presentation at conferences and via charity websites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN58863784\">ISRCTN58863784<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T12:31:49Z","timestamp":1627475509000},"page":"e050755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["DEveloping Tests for Endometrial Cancer deTection (DETECT): protocol for a diagnostic accuracy study of urine and vaginal samples for the detection of endometrial cancer by cytology in women with postmenopausal bleeding"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eleanor R","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"O\"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelechi","family":"Njoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe E","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadira","family":"Narine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Cytology Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Cytology Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durgesh","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Cytology Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0284-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121514100268000_11.7.e050755.1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK . 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