{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:16Z","timestamp":1787016976886,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the interrelationships between maternal socioeconomic status (SES), race and congenital heart diseases (CHD) among infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ontario, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All singleton stillbirths and live births born in hospitals between 1 April 2012 and 31 March 2018 in Ontario, Canada (n=804 292).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to assess associations between maternal neighbourhood household income, education level, race and CHD while adjusting for maternal age at birth, assisted reproductive technology, obesity, pre-existing health conditions, substance use during pregnancy, maternal rural residence and infant\u2019s sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with infants whose mothers lived in the highest median household income neighbourhoods, infants whose mothers lived in the lowest median income neighbourhoods had a higher likelihood of having CHD (adjusted OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.24). Compared with infants whose mothers lived in neighbourhoods with more people with a university or higher degree, those infants whose mothers lived in neighbourhoods with less people with a university or higher degree had a higher chance of developing CHD (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.36). Compared with white mothers, black mothers had a higher odds of giving birth to a child with CHD (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.54). No association was detected between White and Asian mothers and CHD among infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study indicates that there are inequities in CHD burden by maternal SES and race in Ontario, Canada. Further investigation is needed to examine racial variation in CHD using more detailed ethnic data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T12:08:41Z","timestamp":1643717321000},"page":"e051020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Association of maternal socioeconomic status and race with risk of congenital heart disease: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4192-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi Wu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Lougheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1702-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Reszel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaamel","family":"Hafizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518573990000_12.2.e051020.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2013-028"},{"key":"2025120518573990000_12.2.e051020.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.35.1.04","article-title":"Report Summary - 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