{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:45:12Z","timestamp":1773794712322,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 disease has affected more than a hundred countries worldwide and has exposed the population to an increase in mental health problems. The objective of this study was to assess the emotional impact of the pandemic from a gender perspective, as well as to study the modulating variables of that impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive and cross-sectional study through the General Health Questionnaire scale and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale is developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General population of Spain was the target of this study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample consisted of 3801 adult subjects living in Spain, without diagnosis for Sars-Cov-2 virus infection during confinement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire, from 26 March 2020 to 26 April 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcomes measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample profile description was obtained, regarding to the study variables. Later, a regression model was implemented in order to test the relationship between these variables, and to achieve a predictive model of psychological discomfort controlling the gender variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that women, as compared with men, had increased psychological discomfort during confinement (t=\u221212.877; p&lt;0.001; d=0.470). In contrast, significantly higher scores were observed on the SOC scale (t=6.336; p&lt;0.001; d=0.231) in men, as compared with those obtained by women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women have higher levels of psychological discomfort, increased concern about getting infected with COVID-19 and infecting others, as well as a lower level of SOC and perceived health. In addition, low levels of SOC predict greater concern about contagion and increased psychological discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T13:41:27Z","timestamp":1640007687000},"page":"e051572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gender perspective of psychological discomfort during COVID-19 confinement among Spanish adult population: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"G\u00f3mez-Salgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Safety and Health Postgraduate Program, Esp\u00edritu Santo University, Guayaquil, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucia, Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucia, Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Allande-Cuss\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Macarena","family":"Romero-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3715-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ruiz-Frutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Safety and Health Postgraduate Program, Esp\u00edritu Santo University, Guayaquil, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30317-2"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.2","unstructured":"John Hopkins Coronavirus Research Center [internet] . COVID-19 Dashboard by the center for systems science and engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU. USA: Johns Hopkins University (JHU), 2020. https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.3","unstructured":"Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a . Espa\u00f1a: real Decreto 463\/2020 de 14 de marzo POR El se declara Estado de Alarma, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-3692 [Accessed 15 Oct 2020]."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30460-8"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu F , Steptoe A , Fancourt D . Loneliness during lockdown: trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 35,712 adults in the UK. medRxiv 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.29.20116657"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112915","article-title":"The emotional impact of coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new coronavirus disease)","volume":"287","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000609","article-title":"China experience from COVID-19: mental health in mandatory quarantine zones urgently requires intervention","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X16676857","article-title":"What does it mean to be a \u201cbreadwinner\u201d mother?","volume":"38","author":"Chesley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fam Issues"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820620934268"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.10","unstructured":"Blask\u00f3 Z , Papadimitriou E , Manca AR . How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe? Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30526-2"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.040"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020927051"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.14","unstructured":"Instituto de la Mujer y para la Igualdad de Oportunidades, Ministerio de Igualdad del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a . La perspectiva de g\u00e9nero, esencial en La respuesta a la COVID-19, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.inmujer.gob.es\/diseno\/novedades\/impacto_de_genero_del_covid_19_(uv) [Accessed 15 Oct 2020]."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.15","unstructured":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Sanidad del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a . Evoluci\u00f3n de la pandemia POR COVID-19, 2020. Available: https:\/\/cnecovid.isciii.es\/covid19\/ [Accessed 15 Oct 2020]."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113190"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000507639"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093165"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.049"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.22","first-page":"687","article-title":"La Resiliencia Comunitaria en Situaciones Catastroficas Y de Emergencia","volume":"1","author":"Arciniega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Internacional Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015295025950"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.24","first-page":"27","article-title":"Psicolog\u00eda de urgencias Y emergencias: \u00bfmito O realidad? Lez Artis AD hoc","volume":"1","author":"Cavanillas","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Scientific Journal"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.25","unstructured":"Antonovsky A . Unraveling the mystery of health. How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13100935"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.27","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Variables salug\u00e9nicas Y SU relaci\u00f3n Con Los sucesos de vida Revista Iberoamericana de Diagn\u00f3stico y Evaluaci\u00f3n - e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Psicol\u00f3gica","volume":"1","author":"Brizzio","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.28","unstructured":"Argim\u00f3n J . M\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica Y epidemiol\u00f3gica. 4th edn. Espa\u00f1a: ElSevier, 2012."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.30","first-page":"248","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n del Cuestionario de Orientaci\u00f3n a la Vida (OLQ-13) de Antonovsky en Una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Navarra","volume":"39","author":"Lizarbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anales Sis San Navarra"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2955359"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030703"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-322"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.34","unstructured":"Barrios I , Anido V , Morera M . Declaraci\u00f3n de Helsinki: cambios Y ex\u00e9gesis. Rev Cubana Salud P\u00fablica 2016;42 http:\/\/www.revsaludpublica.sld.cu\/index.php\/spu\/article\/view\/597"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.35","unstructured":"IBM Corp . IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2019."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088312451260"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1352100"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192961"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.39","first-page":"61","article-title":"El g\u00e9nero como determinante de la salud mental Y SU medicalizaci\u00f3n","volume":"34","author":"Becigalupe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Informe SESPAS 2020. Gaceta Sanitaria"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-139"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429923"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094992","article-title":"The COVID-19 outbreak and psychological distress in healthcare workers: the role of personality traits, attachment styles, and sociodemographic factors","volume":"13","author":"Mazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.43","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez C , Carrascal B , Dur\u00e1n M . Anxiety and intimate relationships in times of Lockdown due to COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 2020."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.050","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"283","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.25115\/psye.v9i3.861","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre El sentido de coherencia Y El cansancio emocional en estudiantes Universitario","volume":"9","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology, Society, & Education"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90084-P"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2017.09.005","article-title":"Sentido de coherencia Y sobrecarga subjetiva, ansiedad Y depresi\u00f3n en personas cuidadoras de familiares mayores","volume":"33","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104996","article-title":"Health-related factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among non-health workers in Spain","volume":"133","author":"Ruiz-Frutos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.105033","article-title":"Sense of coherence, engagement, and work environment as precursors of psychological distress among non-health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain","volume":"133","author":"Ruiz-Frutos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.50","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad . Consumo Y Bienestar del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a. Encuesta Nacional de Salud ENSE Espa\u00f1a, 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.mscbs.gob.es\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/encuestaNacional\/encuestaNac2017\/SALUD_MENTAL.pdf [Accessed 15 Oct 2020]."},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155380","article-title":"Compliance to recommendations and mental health consequences among elderly in Sweden during the initial phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014A cross sectional online survey","volume":"17","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013674"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-347"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102092"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113486"},{"key":"2025121410360638000_11.12.e051572.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa068","article-title":"COVID-19 worries and behavior changes in older and younger men and women","volume":"76","author":"Barber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051572","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T18:36:17Z","timestamp":1765737377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}}}