{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:48:39Z","timestamp":1785322119158,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R248-2017-521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R248-2017-521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["P30AG066615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG066615"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is unclear whether kidney disease is a risk factor for developing dementia. We examined the association between kidney disease and risk of future dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide historical registry-based cohort study in Denmark based on data from 1 January 1995 until 31 December 2016.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients diagnosed with kidney disease and matched general population cohort without kidney disease (matched 1:5 on age, sex and year of kidney disease diagnosis).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All-cause dementia and its subtypes: Alzheimer\u2019s disease, vascular dementia and other specified or unspecified dementia. We computed 5-year cumulative incidences (risk) and hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes using Cox regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study cohort comprised 82\u2009690 patients with kidney disease and 413\u2009405 individuals from the general population. Five-year and ten-year mortality rates were twice as high in patients with kidney disease compared with the general population. The 5-year risk for all-cause dementia was 2.90% (95% confidence interval: 2.78% to 3.08%) in patients with kidney disease and 2.98% (2.92% to 3.04%) in the general population. Compared with the general population, the adjusted HRs for all-cause dementia in patients with kidney disease were 1.06 (1.00 to 1.12) for the 5-year follow-up and 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12) for the entire study period. Risk estimates for dementia subtypes differed substantially and were lower for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and higher for vascular dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients diagnosed with kidney disease have a modestly increased rate of dementia, mainly driven by vascular dementia. Moreover, patients with kidney disease may be underdiagnosed with dementia due to high mortality and other comorbidities of higher priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T10:57:19Z","timestamp":1634900239000},"page":"e052652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Kidney disease and risk of dementia: a Danish nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa D","family":"Kjaergaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R","family":"Johannesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik T","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor W","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Population Health and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0727-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian F","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121402460659000_11.10.e052652.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia: review","volume":"322","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025121402460659000_11.10.e052652.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2011199","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11199","article-title":"The enigma of decreasing dementia incidence","volume":"3","author":"Knopman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025121402460659000_11.10.e052652.3","unstructured":"World Alzheimer Report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. volume 2020, 2015. 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