{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:23:13Z","timestamp":1792549393811,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004792","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005979","name":"Direction de la Recherche, des \u00c9tudes, de l'\u00c9valuation et des Statistiques","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005979","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["856478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856478"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality by race, gender and socioeconomic status are well documented, less is known about social disparities in infection rates and their shift over time. We aim to study the evolution of social disparities in infection at the early stage of the epidemic in France with regard to the policies implemented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Random population-based prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From May to June 2020 in France.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults included in the Epid\u00e9miologie et Conditions de Vie cohort (n=77\u2009588).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-reported anosmia and\/or ageusia in three categories: no symptom, during the first epidemic peak (in March 2020) or thereafter (during lockdown).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 2052 participants (1.53%) reported anosmia\/ageusia. The social distribution of exposure factors (density of place of residence, overcrowded housing and working outside the home) was described. Multinomial regressions were used to identify changes in social variables (gender, class and race) associated with symptoms of anosmia\/ageusia. Women were more likely to report symptoms during the peak and after. Racialised minorities accumulated more exposure risk factors than the mainstream population and were at higher risk of anosmia\/ageusia during the peak and after. By contrast, senior executive professionals were the least exposed to the virus with the lower rate of working outside the home during lockdown. They were more affected than lower social classes at the peak of the epidemic, but this effect disappeared after the peak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The shift in the social profile of the epidemic was related to a shift in exposure factors under the implementation of a stringent stay-at-home order. Our study shows the importance to consider in a dynamic way the gender, socioeconomic and race direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, notably to implement policies that do not widen health inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1636634478000},"page":"e052888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Social inequalities and dynamics of the early COVID-19 epidemic: a prospective cohort study in France"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8073-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Bajos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux Sociaux - Sciences sociales, politique, sant\u00e9, IRIS (UMR 8156 CNRS - EHESS - U997 INSERM), Aubervilliers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8527-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Counil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INED, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanna-eve","family":"Franck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux Sociaux - Sciences sociales, politique, sant\u00e9, IRIS (UMR 8156 CNRS - EHESS - U997 INSERM), Aubervilliers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Jusot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Dauphine, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Pailh\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INED, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Spire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux Sociaux - Sciences sociales, politique, sant\u00e9, IRIS (UMR 8156 CNRS - EHESS - U997 INSERM), Aubervilliers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARENES UMR 6051, CNRS, EHESP, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Lydie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 publique France, Saint-Maurice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remy","family":"Slama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiane","family":"Warszawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214401"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01218-z"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0823-6"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.4","first-page":"670","article-title":"[Social Inequalities and COVID-19: Social-Epidemiological Perspectives on the Pandemic]","volume":"82","author":"Wachtler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100630","article-title":"Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Sze","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1464","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates","volume":"101","author":"Meyerowitz-Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214475"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30225-5"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.10","article-title":"Changing disparities in COVID-19 burden in the ethnically homogeneous population of Hong Kong through pandemic waves: an observational study","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121511151506000_11.11.e052888.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajos NW , Pailh\u00e9 J.; , Counil A.; , et al . 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