{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:40:01Z","timestamp":1760834401003,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We studied factors associated with the weekly occurrence of physical injuries in a rural setting to determine injury-related burden and risk exposures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Suna-West subcounty, Migori County, Western Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>390 study participants (subjects) cluster sampled from 92 households, recruited and followed up for 12 weeks, between August and October 2019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We collected data weekly on occurrence of injuries, individual-level and household-level independent variables using a standard interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from the WHO survey tool for injuries. Analyses related occurrence of injuries and independent variables using a multilevel Poisson regression model, adjusting for age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantifying injury-related burden and patterns by demographic, occupational and societal risk exposures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We documented 44 injuries, coming from 38 subjects dwelling in 30 of the 92 study households. On average, each study subject and household experienced 1.2 and 1.5 episodes of injuries across the 12 study weeks. Open wounds and bruises were the most frequent injuries commonly reported among middle-aged (18\u201354 years) and young (5\u201317 years) subjects at 32.2 and 7.6 episodes per 1000-person week, respectively. The common cause of injuries among young, middle-aged and old subjects (&gt;54 years) were falls, road accidents and person-related assault or being hit by an object, each at 15.2, 18.9, and 11.4 episodes per 1000-person week, respectively. Subjects not domesticating animals (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=7.6, 95%\u2009CI 1.4 to 41.7) and those making a visit outside the local subcounty of residence (IRR=2.2, 95%\u2009CI 1.5 to 3.1) were at higher risk of reporting injuries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We provide evidence of a higher burden of physical injuries associated with demographic, occupational and societal risk exposures with the most injuries resulting from falls. Further studies could better define granular characteristics constituting these factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T13:08:02Z","timestamp":1631624882000},"page":"e053161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic, occupational and societal risk exposures to physical injuries in a rural community in Western Kenya: a 12-week longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reagan Ngoge","family":"Chweya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan Njoki","family":"Mambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-7490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Mwangi","family":"Gachohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Global Health Program Kenya, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042254"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975913502688"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043937","article-title":"Global burden of injuries: it is time to understand the data in order to intervene","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Burden of injuries in Nepal, 1990-2017: findings from the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"0","author":"Pant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000001"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6061-x","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of injuries in Kenya: findings from the National steps survey 11 medical and health sciences 1117 public health and health services","volume":"18","author":"Gathecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4129-7"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2017.10.030","article-title":"Adolescent and young adult injuries in developing economies: a comparative analysis from Oman and Kenya","volume":"83","author":"Bachani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Glob Heal"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220179","article-title":"Characterizing injury at a tertiary referral hospital in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Janeway","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.01.030","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of injuries in Kenya: a multisite surveillance study","volume":"162","author":"Botchey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i96","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043494","article-title":"Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025101813113811000_11.9.e053161.12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The occurrence of self-reported illnesses and their analyses into influenza-like and gastrointestinal syndromes in a rural community in Western Kenya, 2019","volume":"8","author":"Chweya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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