{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:47:15Z","timestamp":1788526035179,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe the cause of death and characteristics at the prehospital setting associated with care and rescue processes of non-survivors rescued in the mountain of Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prehospital setting of mountain searches and rescues in Japan. A total of 10 prefectural police headquarters with &gt;10 cases of mountain death from 2011 to 2015.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were generated from the existing records. Of the total 6159 rescued subjects, 548 mountain deaths were caused by recreational activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 548 mountain deaths, 83% were men, and major causes of death were trauma (49.1%), hypothermia (14.8%), cardiac death (13.1%) and avalanche-related death (6.6%). The alive rate at rescue team arrival in all non-survivors was 3.5%, with 1, 4 and 14 cases of cardiac, hypothermia and trauma, respectively. Cardiac deaths occurred in 93.1% (67\/72) of men and individuals aged &gt;41 years, and 88.7% (63\/71) were found on mountain trails. In hypothermia, callouts were made between 17:00 and 6:00 at 49% (40\/81) and by persons not on-site in 59.7% (46\/77). People with &gt;6\u2009hours in trauma or &gt;1\u2009hour in cardiac death already died on rescue team arrival, but some with hypothermia after 6\u2009hours were alive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is one of the first large-scale retrospective analyses of prehospital non-survivors in mountain emergencies. The alive rate at rescue arrival in all mountain deaths was only 3.5%. These data showed that the circumstances related to onset and the process until the rescue team arrives have different characteristics, depending on the cause of death. Survival may be enhanced by targeting better use of the time before rescue team arrival and by providing further education, particularly mountain rescue-related medical problems to rescuers including bystanders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T11:49:08Z","timestamp":1643888948000},"page":"e053935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Causes of death and characteristics of non-survivors rescued during recreational mountain activities in Japan between 2011 and 2015: a retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1248-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazue","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Director of Mountain Medicine, Research, and Survey Division, Hokkaido Ono Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Director, Association for Mountain Medical Rescue Japan, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomikazu","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director, Association for Mountain Medical Rescue Japan, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121523505964000_12.2.e053935.1","unstructured":"Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities . Survey on time use and leisure activities questionnaire a results on leisure activities summary table 3 participation rate and average days for participation in sports by sex and age | file | browse statistics | portal site of official statistics of Japan, 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.e-stat.go.jp\/en\/stat-search\/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00200533&tstat=000001095335&cycle=0&tclass1=000001095377&tclass2=000001095378&tclass3=000001095379&stat_infid=000031577972&tclass4val=0 [Accessed 31 Jan 2021]."},{"key":"2025121523505964000_12.2.e053935.2","unstructured":"Overview of mountain accidents during 2015, 2016. 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