{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:33:04Z","timestamp":1785306784684,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP190014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP190014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["APP1141347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1141347"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024880","name":"Monash University Central Clinical School","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a recognised complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and is associated with higher rates of mortality and morbidity when compared with patients with TBI who do not develop PTE. The majority of the literature on PTE has focused on adult populations, and consequently there is a paucity of information regarding paediatric cohorts. Additionally, there is considerable heterogeneity surrounding the reported incidence of PTE following childhood TBI in the current literature. The primary aim of our study is to summarise reported PTE incidences in paediatric populations to derive an accurate estimate of the global incidence of PTE following childhood TBI. Our secondary aim is to explore risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing PTE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search of Embase (1947\u20132021), PubMed (1996\u20132021) and Web of Science (1900\u20132021) will be conducted. Publications in English that report the incidence of PTE in populations under 18 years of age will be included. Publications that evaluate fewer than 10 patients, report an alternative cause of epilepsy, or in which a paediatric cohort is not discernable, will be excluded. Independent investigators will identify the relevant publications, and discrepancies will be adjudicated by a third independent investigator. Data extracted will include incidence of PTE, time intervals between TBI and PTE, seizure characteristics, injury characteristics, patient demographics and clinical data. Data extraction will be performed by two independent investigators and cross-checked by a third investigator. A descriptive analysis of PTE incidence will be conducted and a weighted mean will be calculated. If sufficient data are available, stratified meta-analysis of subgroups will also be conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval was not required for this study. We intend to publish our findings in a high-quality peer-reviewed journal on completion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42021245802.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T15:34:40Z","timestamp":1635867280000},"page":"e054034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy following paediatric traumatic brain injury: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Frederick P","family":"Mariajoseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 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