{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:34:21Z","timestamp":1793046861914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007855","name":"Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences Award","award":["KL2TR002530 (B. Tucker Edmonds, PI)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002530 (B. Tucker Edmonds, PI)"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences Award","award":["UL1TR002529 (S. Moe and S. Wiehe, co-PIs)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002529 (S. Moe and S. Wiehe, co-PIs)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective antimicrobial containment strategies such as Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) require comprehensive data on antibiotics use which are scarce in Ethiopia. This study sought to assess antibiotics use and healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in Ethiopian public hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study using the WHO point-prevalence survey protocol for systemic antibiotics use and HCAIs for low\/middle-income countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted among 10 public hospitals in 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>All patients admitted to adult and paediatric inpatient and emergency wards before or at 08:00 on the survey date were enrolled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome measures were the prevalence of antibiotic use, HCAIs and the hospitals\u2019 readiness to implement ASP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from 1820 patient records. None of the surveyed hospitals had functional ASP. The common indication for antibiotics was for HCAIs (40.3%). Pneumonia was the most common bacterial infection (28.6%) followed by clinical sepsis (17.8%). Most treatments were empiric (96.7%) and the overall prevalence of antibiotic use was 63.8% with antibiotics prescription per patient ratio of 1.77. Ceftriaxone was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic (30.4%) followed by metronidazole (15.4%). Age, having HIV infection, ward type, type of hospital, catheterisation and intubation history had significant association with antibiotic use. Patients who were treated in paediatric surgical wards were about four times more likely to be on antibiotics compared with patients treated at an adult emergency ward. Patients on urinary catheter (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.74, 95%\u2009CI: 2.04 to 3.68) and intubation device (AOR=2.62, 95% CI: 1.02 to 6.76) were more likely to be on antibiotics than their non-intubated\/non-catheterised counterparts. Patients treated at secondary-level hospitals had 0.34 times lower odds of being on antibiotics compared with those in tertiary hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibiotic use across the surveyed hospitals was common and most were empiric which has both practical and policy implications for strengthening ASP and promoting rational antibiotics use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T16:36:36Z","timestamp":1644597396000},"page":"e054541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Multicentre point-prevalence survey of antibiotic use and healthcare-associated infections in Ethiopian hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atalay Mulu","family":"Fentie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidnekachew","family":"Degefaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Asfaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendosen","family":"Shewarega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistab","family":"Woldearegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ephrem","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebremedhin Beedemariam","family":"Gebretekle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022032701354373000_12.2.e054541.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3587-6"},{"key":"2022032701354373000_12.2.e054541.2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Penicillin's discovery and antibiotic resistance: lessons for the future?","volume":"90","author":"Lobanovska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"2022032701354373000_12.2.e054541.3","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J . 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