{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:32:51Z","timestamp":1785717171673,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social and life skills (SLS) may be important in the prevention and treatment of self-harm, but few studies have described this relationship. We examined three components of SLS in adolescents who reported self-harm that was, according to themselves, diagnosed by a clinician.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National screening prior to military service.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>176 284 residents of Norway born in 1999\u20132001 received a declaration of health. We included 171 486 individuals (84 153 (49%) women and 87 333 (51%) men) who were 17 (n=1 67 855) or 18 years of age (n=3631) when they completed the declaration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome was clinically diagnosed self-harm, defined as self-harm that the adolescents themselves stated had been diagnosed by a clinician. Components of SLS were social interactions; coping strategies; and emotional regulation\/aggression. The association between SLS and self-reported clinically diagnosed self-harm was assessed in hierarchical multiple regression models controlling for sex; school absence; and feelings of emotional pain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three percent (n=5507) of the adolescents reported clinically diagnosed self-harm. The three components of SLS together added little to the prediction of clinically diagnosed self-harm (\u2206R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0.02). After controlling for school absence and emotional pain, emotional regulation\/aggression was the only SLS-component that was independently associated with clinically diagnosed self-harm (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.36). The young men who said they had been clinically diagnosed for self-harm scored slightly worse on social interactions (Hedge\u2019s g (g) = \u22120.13, p&lt;0.001) and emotional regulation\/aggression (<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.18, p&lt;0.001) than the young women in this group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Young women and young men who reported clinically diagnosed self-harm had more problems with emotional regulation\/aggression than other adolescents, but did not have worse social interactions or coping strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T11:32:34Z","timestamp":1636716754000},"page":"e054707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social and life skills in adolescents who have self-harmed: analysis of survey responses from a national sample of adolescents in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin Anita","family":"Fadum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Epidemiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Ullensaker, Akershus, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen \u00d8en","family":"Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Epidemiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Ullensaker, Akershus, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ramberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif Aage","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Epidemiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Ullensaker, Akershus, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri Eldevik","family":"H\u00e5berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Epidemiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Ullensaker, Akershus, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Borud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Military Epidemiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Ullensaker, Akershus, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromso, Troms, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Martinussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health & Child Welfare, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Command and Staff College, Norwegian Defence University College, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814054101000_11.11.e054707.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.018"},{"key":"2025101814054101000_11.11.e054707.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa042"},{"key":"2025101814054101000_11.11.e054707.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30007-X","article-title":"20-year outcomes in adolescents who self-harm: a population-based cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Borschmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025101814054101000_11.11.e054707.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30373-6","article-title":"Mortality in children and adolescents following presentation to hospital after non-fatal self-harm in the multicentre study of self-harm: a prospective observational 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