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However, knowledge about whether the timing of prenatal stress differentially influences the development of child outcomes, including psychopathology, is virtually unknown. The primary aim of our study is to examine how the timing of prenatal stress differentially affects early childhood regulatory functioning as a marker of psychopathology. Our second aim is to examine the mediating effects of maternal physiological and psychological factors during pregnancy. Our third aim is to examine the moderating effects of postnatal factors on child regulatory functioning. Our project is the first longitudinal, prospective, multimethod study addressing these questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our ongoing study recruits pregnant women, oversampled for intimate partner violence (a common event-based stressor allowing examination of timing effects), with data collection starting at pregnancy week 15 and concluding 4 years post partum. We aim to have n=335 mother\u2013child dyads. We conduct a granular assessment of pregnancy stress (measured weekly by maternal report) in order to reveal sensitive periods during fetal life when stress particularly derails later functioning. Pattern-based statistical analyses will be used to identify subgroups of women who differ in the timing of their stress during pregnancy and then test whether these patterns of stress differentially predict early childhood self-regulatory outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to the high-risk nature of our sample, care is taken to ensure protection of their well-being, including a safety plan for suicidal ideation and a safety mechanism (exit button in the online weekly survey) to protect participant data privacy. This study was approved by Michigan State University Institutional Review Board. Dissemination will be handled by data sharing through National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Data and Specimen Hub (DASH), as well as through publishing the findings in journals spanning behavioural neuroendocrinology to clinical and developmental psychology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T12:20:04Z","timestamp":1631881204000},"page":"e054964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Longitudinal prospective study examining the effects of the timing of prenatal stress on infant and child regulatory functioning: the Michigan Prenatal Stress Study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alytia Akiko","family":"Levendosky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G Anne","family":"Bogat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Lonstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Muzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy K","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120601095114000_11.9.e054964.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00896"},{"key":"2025120601095114000_11.9.e054964.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941800038X"},{"key":"2025120601095114000_11.9.e054964.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000216539"},{"key":"2025120601095114000_11.9.e054964.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiles J . 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