{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:44:23Z","timestamp":1789562663321,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with high prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries and tropical and subtropical regions. The clinical symptoms of the disease are similar to symptoms presented by other endemic infectious diseases that could be present simultaneously. Thus, leptospirosis could be masked by similar infections like dengue, malaria, hantavirus, melioidosis and borreliosis, among others. Therefore, leptospirosis could present itself as an under-reported infection or as a coinfection with another pathogen, as has been reported in the literature. However, there is a lack of documented evidence about the specific risk factors of leptospirosis infection, the symptoms, the coinfection\u2019s mortality and the frequency of coinfection. Additionally, leptospirosis coinfections have not been considered a neglected public health concern. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate published articles that show the risk factors associated with leptospirosis infection and coinfection with other pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search process to identify eligible studies will be conducted including the LILACS, ProQuest, PubMed and Scopus databases with no restriction in terms of publication date. Also, grey literature will be included in the research. Authors will independently screen the title and abstracts of the articles identified from the search using Rayyan free software. Eligibility criteria include peer-reviewed research articles written in English or Spanish, including observational studies, cohorts, case\u2013control, cross-sectional, ecological studies and report cases. The systematic review will include studies that report descriptions of leptospirosis cases with coinfection or co-occurrence. The search will be accomplished by articles from 1950 to May 2022. The data will be extracted in a standard extraction form using an Excel format.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Also, findings will be disseminated through scientific meetings. Ethical approval will not be required as this is a systematic review and primary data will be not collected or included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42021234754.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T10:45:40Z","timestamp":1671187540000},"page":"e055187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distribution, frequency and clinical presentation of leptospirosis and coinfections: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana L","family":"Parra Barrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"},{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Estudios Cl\u00ednicos y Epidemiolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, RM, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solmara","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Estudios Cl\u00ednicos y Epidemiolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina M","family":"Gallego-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 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