{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T09:18:21Z","timestamp":1765012701947,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to explore whether patients\u2019 illness experiences with common cold symptoms could help with predicting the final diagnosis before consultation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploratory sequential design of mixed methods: Qualitative and quantitative studies used inductive qualitative content analysis and multinomial regression analysis, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consecutive patients at the primary care clinic of a general hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New patients aged 15 years or older were included in the study. Of the 1512 eligible patients who received the questionnaire sheet, 408 selected the common cold as their reason for visiting. All 408 patients responded to the questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>First, factors representing illness experiences in patients with common cold symptoms were explored. Second, variables with significant relative risk ratio (RRR) were used to diagnose common cold, influenza or other diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 171 codes were identified from the responses of 408 patients, which were visually mapped to show their frequencies and occurrence in the same person according to their final diagnoses. Of the 171 codes, 22 found in over nine patients represented the variables for the three independent final diagnoses. The adjusted final model revealed that (1) \u2018worry about influenza infection\u2019, \u2018want influenza test\u2019 and \u2018transmission from a colleague at school or workplace\u2019 predicted the influenza rather than the common cold, when other predicting variables were constant (RRR, 6.20\u2009p&lt;0.001; RRR, 26.1\u2009p&lt;0.01; and RRR, 4.69\u2009p&lt;0.05, respectively); (2) \u2018want further examination\u2019 predicted other diseases (RRR, 2.84\u2009p&lt;0.05); and (3) the combination of \u2018worry about influenza infection\u2019 and \u2018want influenza test\u2019, which predicted the opposite diagnosis: the common cold rather than influenza (RRR, 0.01\u2009p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide useful information on how illness experiences before consultation can predict final diagnoses for patients with common cold symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UMIN000030697.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T07:32:04Z","timestamp":1652772724000},"page":"e055353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting diagnoses from illness experiences with common cold symptoms before physician consultation: a mixed-methods research"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Mizoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Based Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naohi","family":"Isse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine, Ako City Hospital, Ako, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.1","first-page":"796","article-title":"The impact of patient-centered care on outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Stewart","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart M , Brown JB , Weston WW . Patient-Centered medicine: transforming the clinical method. 3rd ed. CRC press, 2013.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.2","DOI":"10.1201\/b20740-1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.3","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.17.4.244"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.4","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.721"},{"key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.11.012","article-title":"Exploring Patient Experience of Chest Pain Before and After Implementation of an Early Rule-Out Pathway for Myocardial Infarction: A Qualitative Study","volume":"75","author":"Ferry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McWilliam CL , Brown JB . Chapter 15: Using qualitative methodologies to illuminate patient-centered care.. In: Stewart M , ed. Patient-Centered medicine transforming the clinical method, 2014: 333\u201345.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.6","DOI":"10.1201\/b20740-19"},{"unstructured":"Acgme.org . Supplemental Guide: Family Medicine [Internet]. Available: https:\/\/www.acgme.org\/Portals\/0\/PDFs\/Milestones\/FamilyMedicineSupplementalGuide.pdf?ver=2019-12-13-091243-987 [Accessed 29 Apr 2021].","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weston WW , Brown JB . Chapter 10 Challenges in learning and teaching the patient-centered clinical method.. In: Stewart M , ed. Patient-Centered medicine transforming the clinical method, 2014: 220\u201351.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.8","DOI":"10.1201\/b20740-12"},{"key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S62384","article-title":"Reasons for encounter and diagnoses of new outpatients at a small community hospital in Japan: an observational study","volume":"7","author":"Takeshima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S146830","article-title":"First-visit patients without a referral to the Department of internal medicine at a medium-sized acute care hospital in Japan: an observational study","volume":"10","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(05)70355-9"},{"unstructured":"Who.int . ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics [Internet]. Available: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/2066255370 [Accessed 17 Dec 2021].","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.12"},{"unstructured":"Creswell JW . A Concise introduction to mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2014.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.13"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.14","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2014.1026"},{"key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215824401452263","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244014522633","article-title":"Qualitative content analysis","volume":"4","author":"Elo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"unstructured":"Maxqda.com . Code map: Position Codes According to similarity [Internet], 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.maxqda.com\/help-mx20\/visual-tools\/code-map-position-codes-according-to-similarity [Accessed 29 Apr 2021].","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.16"},{"unstructured":"Garson GD . Probability (marginal) analysis for multinomial regression. In: Logistic Regression: Binary & Multinomial: 2016 Edition (Statistical Associates \u201cBlue Book\u201d Series Book 2) (English Edition). Statistical Associates Publishers, 2014: 191\u2013200.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.17"},{"unstructured":"Garson GD . Interactions in probability analysis. In: Logistic Regression: Binary & Multinomial: 2016 Edition (Statistical Associates \u201cBlue Book\u201d Series Book 2) (English Edition). Statistical Associates Publishers, 2014: 152\u20135.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.19","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107828"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.20","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7284.468"},{"unstructured":"Stewart M , Fortin M . Chapter 6: Multimorbidity and patient-centred care. In: Mercer SW , Salisbury C , Fortin M , eds. The ABC of multimorbidity. Chicester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014: 22\u20135.","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.21"},{"key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2019.1645831","article-title":"Laypersons' perception of common cold and influenza prevention-a qualitative study in Austria, Belgium and Croatia","volume":"25","author":"Petricek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025120601131539000_12.4.e055353.23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-12-4"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T09:13:26Z","timestamp":1765012406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055353","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}}}