{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:35:26Z","timestamp":1787016926946,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019SY041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SY041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GWV-10.2-YQ16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWV-10.2-YQ16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["21YF1439800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF1439800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["SHDC2020CR2043B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2020CR2043B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthodontic treatment and adenotonsillectomy (AT) are both conventional treatments for paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Each approach has distinct treatment advantages; however, there is currently a lack of solid evidence to support their efficacy comparison. We hypothesise that the objective effect of orthodontic treatment is not inferior to AT in children with moderate OSA and mandibular retrognathia, but orthodontic treatment has the advantage of promoting dentofacial growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, active controlled trial that will study the efficacy of orthodontic treatment versus AT in children with moderate OSA accompanied by tonsillar adenoid hypertrophy and mandibular retrognathia. A total of 98 patients will be enrolled and randomised in a 2:1 ratio to either orthodontic treatment or AT group. Participants will be recruited at Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Shanghai Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, which are all located in Shanghai, China. The primary endpoint is the per cent change in the obstructive apnoea\u2013hypopnoea index from baseline (month 0) to the primary endpoint (month 7), and the mean reduction in A point, nasion and B point angle on cephalometric measurements by lateral X-ray films. Important secondary efficacy endpoints include sleep duration with oxygen saturation below 90% according to polysomnography and subjective symptoms (assessed by the OSA-20 questionnaire), etc. Safety endpoints will also be evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was approved by the ethics committees of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (approval no. (2021)002), Shanghai Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University (approval no. 2021R046-F01) and Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University (approval no. (2021)136). Before enrolment, a qualified clinical research assistant will obtain written informed consent from both the participants and their guardians after full explanation of this study. The results will be presented at national or international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChiCTR2000037288.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:11:23Z","timestamp":1652775083000},"page":"e055964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of orthodontic treatment versus adenotonsillectomy in children with moderate obstructive sleep apnoea and mandibular retrognathia: study design and protocol for a non-inferiority randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai 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