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Fall-related injuries in this population have also increased by 10%\/year compared with 4.3%\/year in non-Indigenous Australians. This study aims to determine why falls and fracture risk are higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All clinical assessments will be performed at one centre in Melbourne, Australia. At baseline, participants will have clinical assessments, including questionnaires, anthropometry, bone structure, body composition and physical performance tests. These assessments will be repeated at follow-up 1 and follow-up 2, with an interval of 12 months between each clinical visit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This codesigned prospective observational study aims to recruit a total of 298 adults who identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and reside within Victoria, Australia. Stratified sampling by age and sex will be used to ensure equitable distribution of men and women across four age-bands (35\u201344, 45\u201354, 55\u201364 and 65+ years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome is within-individual yearly change in areal bone mineral density at the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Within-individual change in cortical and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density at the radius and tibia using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography will be determined. Secondary outcomes include yearly differences in physical performance and body composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethical approval<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval for this study has been granted by the Monash Health Human Research Ethics Committee (project number: RES-19\u20130000374A).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACTRN12620000161921.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T12:18:56Z","timestamp":1649074736000},"page":"e056589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Why Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians fall and fracture: the codesigned Study of Indigenous Muscle and Bone Ageing (SIMBA) protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse","family":"Zengin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cat","family":"Shore-Lorenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Maple-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon Lee","family":"Brennan-Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine-Western Health, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua R","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at 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