{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:11:38Z","timestamp":1793949098049,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW007292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW007292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participation in walking, cycling and taking public transportation without adult supervision is defined as independent mobility of children and adolescents. The association between adolescents\u2019 independent mobility and road traffic injury (RTI) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine measures of adolescents\u2019 independent mobility associated with RTIs in an urban lower middle-income setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schools in Karachi, Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents aged 10\u201319 years in grades 6\u201310 were enrolled from private and public schools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Any self-reported lifetime RTI sustained as a pedestrian, as a cyclist or while in a car or another vehicle that resulted in any first aid at home\/school or consultation in a healthcare setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-reported independent mobility was assessed by four variables. (1) Any travel companion from school to home on the survey day, (2) parental permission to cross main roads alone, (3) parental permission to travel by public bus alone and (4) activity\/activities outside the home on the previous weekend alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 1264 adolescents, 10\u201319 years old, were included. Most were females (60%). Adolescents who had parental permission to cross main roads alone (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.39; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.86) and who participated in one or more activities outside the home alone on the previous weekend (aOR 2.61; 95%\u2009CI 1.42 to 5.13) or participated in a mixture of activities with and without adult accompaniment (aOR 2.50; 95%\u2009CI 1.38 to 4.89) had higher odds of RTIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental permission to cross main roads alone and participation in activity\/activities outside the home on the previous weekend alone were two measures of independent mobility associated with higher odds of RTIs among adolescents. The study provides an understanding of the risk posed by adolescents\u2019 independent mobility in road traffic environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T11:55:58Z","timestamp":1647950158000},"page":"e057206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of adolescents\u2019 independent mobility with road traffic injuries in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzma Rahim","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Razzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Gerdin W\u00e4rnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112441","article-title":"Children\u2019s independent mobility: Current knowledge, future directions, and public health implications","volume":"15","author":"Marzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-91","article-title":"Associations between children's independent mobility and physical activity","volume":"14","author":"Schoeppe","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-1"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.1.4.242"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/14733285.2011.638173","article-title":"On children\u2019s independent mobility: the interplay of demographic, environmental, and psychosocial factors","volume":"10","author":"Alparone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Geogr"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.643"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.11.006"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2011.01.005","article-title":"Children\u2019s active travel and independent mobility in four countries: Development, social contributing trends and measures","volume":"18","author":"Fyhri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"2025121410251344000_12.3.e057206.9","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . \u2018GBD Results Tool.\u2019. 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