{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:55:33Z","timestamp":1765889733450,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with hip fracture are typically characterised by extensive comorbidities and excess mortality. Methods that account for a wide range of comorbidities are needed when attempting to identify causal associations in registry-based studies. We aimed to study the association between the prescription-based Rx-Risk Comorbidity Index (abbreviated Rx-Risk) and mortality by history of hip fracture, and to quantify the contribution of Rx-Risk in explaining the excess mortality after hip fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective study, we used nationwide registry data from outpatient care. Rx-Risk was based on filled prescriptions recorded in the Norwegian Prescription Database. Medications were mapped to 46 comorbidity categories by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code. Information on hip fractures during 1994\u20132013 was available from the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies hip fracture database, and year of death was obtained from Statistics Norway. We estimated 1-year mortality risk (January through December 2014) according to Rx-Risk score based on dispensed prescriptions in 2013, history of hip fracture, age and sex using Poisson regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All individuals aged 65 years and older who were alive by the end of 2013 and had filled at least one prescription in an outpatient pharmacy in Norway in 2013 (n=735\u2009968).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality increased exponentially with increasing Rx-Risk scores, and it was highest in persons with a history of hip fracture across the major range of Rx-Risk scores. Age- and sex-adjusted mortality risk difference according to history of hip fracture (yes vs no) was 4.4\u2009percentage points (7.8% vs 3.4%). Adjustment for Rx-Risk score further attenuated this risk difference to 3.3\u2009percentage points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>History of hip fracture and comorbidity assessed by Rx-Risk are independent risk factors for mortality in the community-dwelling older population in Norway. Comorbidity explained a quarter of the excess mortality in persons with a history of hip fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T12:11:01Z","timestamp":1651493461000},"page":"e057823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contribution of an extensive medication-based comorbidity index (Rx-Risk) in explaining the excess mortality after hip fracture in older Norwegians: a NOREPOS cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3132-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Holvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2379-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidar","family":"Hjellvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Karlstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Gunnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Research Centre for Women\u2019s Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9992-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, St Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1386-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grethe S","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3262-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haakon E","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-6-201003160-00008"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.02.016"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9873-0"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819898573","article-title":"Nordic registry data: value, validity and future","volume":"48","author":"Smith Jervelund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90016-G"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200306000-00009"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200301000-00011"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000218804.41758.ef"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2333-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a medicines comorbidity index for older people","volume":"73","author":"Narayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.09.004","article-title":"A novel superior medication-based chronic disease score predicted all-cause mortality in independent geriatric cohorts","volume":"105","author":"Quinzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021122"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199508000-00004"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494814551858"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.14","unstructured":"ATC\/DDD Index . The WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Available: https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/ [Accessed 23.04.2022]."},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5324\/nje.v18i2.23","article-title":"Establishment of the nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) \u2013 new opportunities for research in pharmacoepidemiology in Norway","volume":"18","author":"Furu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nor J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9711-9"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3516-8","article-title":"Continued decline in hip fracture incidence in Norway: a NOREPOS study","volume":"27","author":"S\u00f8gaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.18","unstructured":"R Core Team . R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeileis A , K\u00f6ll S , Graham N . Various Versatile Variances: An Object-Oriented Implementation of Clustered Covariances in R. J Stat Softw 2020;95.doi:10.18637\/jss.v095.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v095.i01"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables WN , Ripley BD . Modern applied statistics with S. 4th edn. New York: Springer, 2002.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000229)19:4<453::AID-SIM350>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.23","unstructured":"Signorell A . DescTools: tools for descriptive statistics, 2020. Available: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/DescTools\/index.html"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15207","article-title":"Does the association of comorbidity with 1-year mortality after hip fracture differ according to gender? the Norwegian epidemiologic osteoporosis studies (NOREPOS)","volume":"66","author":"L Riska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0403-3"},{"key":"2025121604504500000_12.5.e057823.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00061-9"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057823","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:50:54Z","timestamp":1765889454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057823","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}}}