{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T01:54:26Z","timestamp":1794621266509,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Development and Innovation Office OTKA Research","award":["FK138839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK138839"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences Bolyai J\u00e1nos Research grant","award":["BO\/00605\/21\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00605\/21\/5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Early recognition and effective treatment of internal bleeding impose a cardinal challenge for trauma teams. The reduction of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) blood flow is among the first compensatory responses to blood loss, thus being a promising candidate as a diagnostic tool for occult haemorrhage. Unfortunately, methods for monitoring the SMA flow have not been elaborated to date. Nevertheless, animal experiments suggest that exhaled methane (CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) levels correspond to the SMA perfusion. We hypothesise that real-time detection of CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>concentrations in the exhaled air is an applicable technique for the early recognition of haemorrhage in severely injured patients. We also hypothesise that exhaled CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>levels reflect the volume of blood loss more accurately than conventional markers of blood loss and shock such as shock index, haemoglobin, base deficit, lactate, end-tidal carbon dioxide and sublingual microcirculatory indices.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred and eleven severely injured (Injury Severity Score \u226516), intubated, bleeding patients sustaining blunt trauma will be included in this prospective observational study. Blood loss will be detected with CT and estimated with CT-linked radiologic software. Exhaled CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>concentrations will be monitored by attaching a near-infrared laser technique-based photoacoustic spectroscopy apparatus to the exhalation outlet of the ventilator on patient arrival. The primary outcome is the volume of blood loss. Need for massive transfusion and 24-hour mortality will constitute secondary outcomes. The relation of exhaled CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>to study outcomes and its performance in predicting blood loss in comparison with conventional shock markers and microcirculatory indices will be tested.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our protocol (ID: 5400\/2021-SZTE) has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04987411\">NCT04987411<\/jats:ext-link>) and complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the medical ethics committee at the University of Szeged (Ref.nr.:121\/2021-SZTE RKEB). It is in data collection phase, theresults will be shared with the scientific community through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04987411\">NCT04987411<\/jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov, registered on 27 July 2021.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T12:29:09Z","timestamp":1669724949000},"page":"e057872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Detection of exhaled methane levels for monitoring trauma-related haemorrhage following blunt trauma: study protocol for a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04987411","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04987411","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5628-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"J\u00e1vor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"R\u00e1rosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endre","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022112903185643000_12.7.e057872.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15161","article-title":"Outcomes of traumatic hemorrhagic shock and the epidemiology of preventable death from injury","volume":"59","author":"Eastridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2022112903185643000_12.7.e057872.2","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Advanced trauma life support student course manual","volume":"3","author":"Stewart","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022112903185643000_12.7.e057872.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e1vor P CE , Butt E , R\u00e1rosi F . 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