{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:18Z","timestamp":1787016978610,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of vision impairment, hearing impairment and dual sensory impairment (DSI) as combination of vision and hearing impairment, in association with cognitive dysfunction in a population aged 85+ years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cross-sectional population-based Ural Very Old Study, conducted in rural and urban Bashkortostan, Russia, between 2017 and 2020, included a detailed ocular and systemic examination with assessment of moderate to severe vision impairment (MSVI)\/blindness (best-corrected visual acuity &lt;6\/18), moderate to severe hearing loss (MSHL) and cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A rural and urban area in Bashkortostan, Russia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 1882 eligible individuals aged 85+ years, 1526 (81.1%) individuals participated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalence of vision, hearing and DSI and cognitive dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 731 (47.9%) individuals (mean age 88.1\u00b12.7 years; median 87 years, range 85\u201398 years) with measurements of MSVI\/blindness, MSHL and cognitive function. The prevalence of MSVI\/blindness, MSHL, DSI and dementia were 51.8% (95% CI 48.2% to 55.5%), 33.1% (95% CI 29.7% to 36.5%), 20.5% (95% CI 17.8% to 23.5%) and 48.2% (95% CI 44.5% to 51.8%), respectively. Lower cognitive function score was associated with lower visual acuity (p&lt;0.001) and higher hearing loss score (p=0.03), after adjusting for older age (p=0.001), rural region of habitation (p=0.003), lower educational level (p&lt;0.001) and higher depression score (p&lt;0.001). Higher dementia prevalence was associated with higher MSHL prevalence (OR 2.18 95%\u2009CI 1.59 to 2.98; p&lt;0.001), higher MSVI\/blindness prevalence (OR 2.09, 95%\u2009CI 1.55 to 2.81; p&lt;0.001) and higher DSI prevalence (OR 2.80, 95%\u2009CI 1.92 to 4.07; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this very old, multiethnic population from Russia, DSI (prevalence 20.5%), as compared with hearing impairment (OR 2.18) and vision impairment alone (OR 2.09), had a stronger association (OR 2.80) with dementia. The findings show the importance of hearing and vision impairment, in particular their combined occurrence, for dementia prevalence in an old population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:11:01Z","timestamp":1652775061000},"page":"e058464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Concurrent vision and hearing impairment associated with cognitive dysfunction in a population aged 85+ years: the Ural Very Old Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mukharram M","family":"Bikbov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyulli M","family":"Kazakbaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Eye Research Institute, 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