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Here, we aimed to explore the association between VAI and NAFLD in the general US population, and further investigate whether the association involves population differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional population-based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003\u20132018).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 7522 participants aged 20 years or older who have complete information for NAFLD assessment test were included in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NAFLD was assessed by the modified fatty liver index for the US population (USFLI) using a cut-off point of 30. Correlation between VAI and NAFLD prediction scores was calculated using the partial correlation analysis. Logistic regression models were further used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insulin resistance (IR), inflammation and waist circumference-adjusted partial correlation analysis indicated that VAI scores were positively correlated with USFLI (r=0.404 for men, and r=0.395 for women; p&lt;0.001). In a comparison of the highest versus the lowest quartiles of VAI, multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a positive association between VAI and NAFLD (OR (95% CI)=1.97 (1.12 to 3.47) for men, OR (95% CI)=4.03 (1.98 to 8.20) for women). The stratified analyses revealed that the positive association involves age\/gender-specific and ethnic differences. As for the impact of metabolic disorders, our results revealed that the association was independent of IR and diabetes, but it would be confounded by other metabolic disorders. However, no significant association was found between VAI and hepatic fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VAI is positively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD, but not hepatic fibrosis among US adults, and the association involves age\/gender-specific and ethnic differences. The results reported here have important public health implications in NAFLD screening in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T12:00:41Z","timestamp":1647864041000},"page":"e058517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Role of age, gender and ethnicity in the association between visceral adiposity index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults (NHANES 2003\u20132018): cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5390-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120601114150000_12.3.e058517.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.07.005"},{"key":"2025120601114150000_12.3.e058517.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318813"},{"key":"2025120601114150000_12.3.e058517.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.039"},{"key":"2025120601114150000_12.3.e058517.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21327"},{"key":"2025120601114150000_12.3.e058517.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loomba R , Sanyal AJ . 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