{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T05:56:44Z","timestamp":1792130204107,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between maternal depressive symptoms in the immediate postnatal period and offspring\u2019s behavioural outcomes in a large cohort of term-born and preterm-born toddlers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the Developing Human Connectome Project. Maternal postnatal depressive symptoms were assessed at term-equivalent age, and children\u2019s outcomes were evaluated at a median corrected age of 18.4 months (range 17.3\u201324.3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Exposure and outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Preterm birth was defined as &lt;37 weeks completed gestation. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Toddlers\u2019 outcome measures were parent-rated Child Behaviour Checklist 1\n                      <jats:sup>1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u20135 Total (CBCL) and Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT) scores. Toddlers\u2019 cognition was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development\u2014Third Edition (Bayley-III).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher maternal EPDS scores were associated with toddlers\u2019 higher CBCL (B=0.93, 95%\u2009CI 0.43 to 1.44, p&lt;0.001, f\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.05) and Q-CHAT scores (B=0.27, 95%\u2009CI 0.03 to 0.52, p=0.031, f\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.01). Maternal EPDS, toddlers\u2019 CBCL and Q-CHAT scores did not differ between preterm (n=97; 19.1% of the total sample) and term participants. Maternal EPDS score did not disproportionately affect preterm children with respect to CBCL or Q-CHAT scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that children whose mothers reported increased depressive symptoms in the early postnatal period, including subclinical symptoms, exhibit more parent-reported behavioural problems in toddlerhood. These associations were independent of gestational age. Further research is needed to confirm the clinical significance of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T12:52:42Z","timestamp":1662036762000},"page":"e058540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and behavioural outcomes in term-born and preterm-born toddlers: a longitudinal UK community cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ira","family":"Kleine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Bioengineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, 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