{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:00:15Z","timestamp":1788573615925,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RIA2016E-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2016E-1609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety and identify associated risk factors in hospitalised persons with confirmed COVID-19 in Edo, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicentre cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with COVID-19 hospitalised at the three government-designated treatment and isolation centres in Edo State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted from 15 April to 11 November 2020 among 489 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and in treatment and isolation centres in Edo State, Nigeria. The mean age of participants was 43.39 (SD=16.94) years. Male participants were 252 (51.5%) and female were 237 (48.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire for depression, (total score: 0\u201327, depression \u226510), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety (total score: 0\u201321, anxiety \u226510),\u2009and social demographic and clinical characteristics for associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 489 participants, 49.1% and 38.0% had depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. The prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and combination of both were 16.2%, 12.9% and 9.0%, respectively. Moderate-severe symptoms of COVID-19, \u226514 days in isolation, worrying about the outcome of infection and stigma increased the risk of having depression and anxiety. Additionally, being separated\/divorced increased the risk of having depression and having comorbidity increased the risk of having anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A substantial proportion of our participants experienced depression, anxiety and a combination of both especially in those who had the risk factors we identified. The findings underscore the need to address modifiable risk factors for psychiatric manifestations early in the course of the disease and integrate mental health interventions and psychosocial support into COVID-19 management guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T12:37:50Z","timestamp":1651840670000},"page":"e058561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Psychiatric manifestations and associated risk factors among hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Edo State, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-0520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther Osemudiamen","family":"Okogbenin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Ambrose Alli University College of Medicine, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omonefe Joy","family":"Seb-Akahomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osahogie","family":"Edeawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ehimigbai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Eboreime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Edo University Iyamho, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Odike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Child Health, Ambrose Alli University College of Medicine, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Olukunle","family":"Obagaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Efi","family":"Aweh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Erohubie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Williams","family":"Eriyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Ambrose Alli University College of Medicine, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinwe","family":"Inogbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuro Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Akhideno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Eifediyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben","family":"Eifediyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ambrose Alli University College of Medicine, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny A","family":"Asogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Community Health, Ambrose Alli University College of Medicine, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvanus","family":"Okogbenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ambrose Alli University College of Medicine, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 2020. Available: www.who.int"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it, 2020. Available: www,who.int"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.3","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) . COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria situation report, 2021. Available: ttps:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/diseases\/sitreps\/?cat=14&name=An%20update%20of%20COVID-19%20outbreak%20in%20Nigeria [Accessed 6 Sept 2021]."},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.4","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): stress and coping, 2020. Available: www.cdc.gov"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cajph.20210703.16"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100284","article-title":"Psychosocial health effects of Covid-19 infection on persons in treatment centers in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Fadipe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13106","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in patients with confirmed and suspected COVID-19 in Ecuador","volume":"74","author":"Paz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_893_19","article-title":"Disaster and its impact on mental health: a narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Makwana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400504"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1083"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339510791823835"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.2.227"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.7.861"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.14","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs . World population prospects 2019, volume II: demographic profiles. United Nations, 2019. ISBN: 978-92-1-148328-4. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Publications\/Files\/WPP2019_Volume-II-Demographic-Profiles.pdf"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371702900404","article-title":"The generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder: signal detection and validation","volume":"29","author":"Mossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05304","article-title":"Time-Related changes in sex distribution of COVID-19 incidence proportion in Italy","volume":"6","author":"Bianconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19741-6"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00694-4"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.11.010","article-title":"Current prevalence, comorbidity and associated factors for symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety in the Lagos state mental health survey (LSMHS), Nigeria","volume":"81","author":"Adewuya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.602244"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20913","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment in \u201cLong COVID \u201d: the relevance of immunopsychiatry","volume":"20","author":"Penninx","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.200084"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.26","first-page":"79","article-title":"Tele-mental health application in response to COVID-19 pandemic: experience at Irrua specialist teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Okogbenin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop J Med Dent Pract"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20618"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong X , Zheng K , Tang M . Prevalence, and factors associated with depression and anxiety of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. medRxiv 2020;20043075.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20043075"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003321"},{"key":"2025121400473835000_12.5.e058561.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcp.2020.07.002","article-title":"Psychological impact of social isolation on the comorbid patient: on the subject of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"49","author":"Larios-Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Psiquiatr"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T08:47:50Z","timestamp":1765702070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058561","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.10.12.21264913","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}}}