{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:30:31Z","timestamp":1761921031715,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blackwater fever (BWF), a complication of malaria, has in the past been considered as a rare complication of malaria in children living in high transmission settings. More recently, however, a growing number of paediatric clusters of BWF cases have been reported predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The aim of this study is to map evidence on BWF among children in SSA from 1 January 1960 to 31 December 2021.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review will be guided by Arksey and O\u2019 Malley\u2019s methodological framework for scoping reviews with methodological refinements by Levac <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic> and will comply with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews\u2019 guidelines. Five electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PsycINFO) will be systematically searched using predefined keywords. In addition, reference lists of included articles will be searched. Our multidisciplinary team has formulated search strategies and two reviewers will independently complete study eligibility screening, final selection and data extraction. A third reviewer will adjudicate the final decision on disputed articles. Bibliographic data and abstract content will be collected and analysed using a data-charting tool developed iteratively by the research team.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This scoping review being a secondary analysis does not require ethics approval. We anticipate results of this review will broaden understanding of paediatric BWF in SSA and identify its research gaps in SSA. We will be disseminating results through journals and conferences targeting primary care providers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T12:20:59Z","timestamp":1657110059000},"page":"e059875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resurgence of blackwater fever among children in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6360-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Paasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda"},{"name":"Clinical trials unit at Mbale clinical research Institute, Mbale Clinical Research institute, Mbale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Ndila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical trials unit at Mbale clinical research Institute, Mbale Clinical Research institute, Mbale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Alaroker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Abeso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glorias","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences university library, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Olupot-Olupot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda"},{"name":"Clinical trials unit at Mbale clinical research Institute, Mbale Clinical Research institute, Mbale, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.041237","article-title":"Blackwater fever in children, Burundi","volume":"11","author":"Gobbi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.11.015"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-205"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.4","unstructured":"Janssens P . Blackwater fever. Health in Central Africa since 1885; past, present and future 1997."},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012676","article-title":"Blackwater fever: a fatal case","volume":"23","author":"Lesieur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1982.tb02834.x"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90116-7"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.94155","article-title":"Formulation, process development and evaluation of artemether and lumefantrine soft gelatin capsule","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.0357a.x"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.10","first-page":"181","article-title":"Quinine and the mystery of blackwater fever","volume":"55","author":"Bruce-Chwatt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Leiden"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319743"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91047-8","article-title":"Blackwater fever after halofantrine","volume":"347","author":"Orlando","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1086\/516983","article-title":"The role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in blackwater fever","volume":"25","author":"Houston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix003","article-title":"High frequency of blackwater fever among children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illnesses in eastern Uganda","volume":"64","author":"Olupot-Olupot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101814411886000_12.7.e059875.15","unstructured":"Olupot-Olupot P . 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