{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T06:32:35Z","timestamp":1792564355126,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CS\/14\/4\/30972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS\/14\/4\/30972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ambulances offer the first opportunity to evaluate hyperacute stroke treatments. In this study, we investigated the conduct of a hyperacute stroke study in the ambulance-based setting with a particular focus on timings and logistics of trial delivery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multicentre prospective, single-blind, parallel group randomised controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight National Health Service ambulance services in England and Wales; 54 acute stroke centres.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paramedics enrolled 1149 patients assessed as likely to have a stroke, with Face, Arm, Speech and Time score (2 or 3), within 4\u2009hours of symptom onset and systolic blood pressure &gt;120\u2009mm Hg.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paramedics administered randomly assigned active transdermal glyceryl trinitrate or sham.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Modified Rankin scale at day 90. This paper focuses on response time intervals, distances travelled and baseline characteristics of patients, compared between ambulance services.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paramedics enrolled 1149 patients between September 2015 and May 2018. Final diagnosis: intracerebral haemorrhage 13%, ischaemic stroke 52%, transient ischaemic attack 9% and mimic 26%. Timings (min) were (median (25\u201375 centile)): onset to emergency call 19 (5\u201364); onset to randomisation 71 (45\u2013116); total time at scene 33 (26\u201346); depart scene to hospital 15 (10\u201323); randomisation to hospital 24 (16\u201334) and onset to hospital 97 (71\u2013141). Ambulances travelled (km) 10 (4\u201319) from scene to hospital. Timings and distances differed between ambulance service, for example, onset to randomisation (fastest 53 min, slowest 77 min; p&lt;0.001), distance from scene to hospital (least 4 km, most 20\u2009km; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We completed a large prehospital stroke trial involving a simple-to-administer intervention across multiple ambulance services. The time from onset to randomisation and modest distances travelled support the applicability of future large-scale paramedic-delivered ambulance-based stroke trials in urban and rural locations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN26986053\">ISRCTN26986053<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T11:20:39Z","timestamp":1669029639000},"page":"e060211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Time intervals and distances travelled for prehospital ambulance stroke care: data from the randomised-controlled ambulance-based Rapid Intervention with Glyceryl trinitrate in Hypertensive stroke Trial-2 (RIGHT-2)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn26986053","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"},{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn26986053","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"},{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn66434824","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"},{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn41456865","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4036-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Dixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Leicester, Leicestershire & Rutland Division, East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason P","family":"Appleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polly","family":"Scutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-1999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa J","family":"Woodhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee J","family":"Haywood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Havard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paramedic Science, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloysius Niroshan","family":"Siriwardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M","family":"Bath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812061974000_12.11.e060211.1","unstructured":"Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee, Association of Ambulance Chief Executives . 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