{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:34:06Z","timestamp":1790685246229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Misuse of psychoactive medicines, especially prescription opioids, but also benzodiazepines, hypnotics and sedatives, has become a significant public health issue in some countries, especially in the USA, where it has been extensively documented, as well as in Canada and Australia. However, in the European Union (EU) published literature on the topic is scarce and heterogeneous regarding definitions, sources of data, tools and methods of analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this scoping review is to map the key concepts on psychoactive medicines\u2019 misuse and examine the existing body of evidence on this topic in the EU. Data on the possible consequences of medicines\u2019 misuse\u2014adverse drug reactions, poisonings, hospitalisations and deaths\u2014will also be analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The scoping review will follow the framework of Arksey and O\u2019Malley, further developed by Levac\n                      <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search strategy, developed by the authors, includes querying three electronic databases\u2014PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus\u2014using keywords and the Medical Subject Headings, for evidence published in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese between 2011 and 2020. Additionally, articles from PubMed alerts and other sources will also be considered. The results of the scoping review will describe the currently available evidence regarding misuse of medicines at EU level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since the scoping review methodology focuses on published data, this study does not require ethical approval. We will publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal and plan to disseminate our work in conferences and scientific meetings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration details<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This scoping review protocol is registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF; see\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/fzr9u\">https:\/\/osf.io\/fzr9u<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) and has also been shared as a preprint in this free and open-source project management repository. It is available at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/y3s4q\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/y3s4q<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T10:56:09Z","timestamp":1665658569000},"page":"e060519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Protocol for a scoping review on misuse of psychoactive medicines and its consequences"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4328-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carmona","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9326-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Jo\u00e3o","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, University of Lisbon Faculty of Pharmacy, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2851-2003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Goul\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SICAD, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121408245587000_12.10.e060519.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14592","article-title":"Regional, National and international datasets: how they improve our understanding of the acute harms associated with prescription medicine misuse","volume":"87","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121408245587000_12.10.e060519.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337028"},{"key":"2025121408245587000_12.10.e060519.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.99B7.BJJ-2016-1350.R1","article-title":"An epidemic of the use, misuse and overdose of opioids and deaths due to overdose, in the United States and Canada: is Europe next?","volume":"99-B","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"2025121408245587000_12.10.e060519.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan WL , Wood DM , Dargan PI . 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