{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:23:57Z","timestamp":1793384637382,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UK IS-BRC-1215-20007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UK IS-BRC-1215-20007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Programme Grant \/ MR\/L003589\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programme Grant \/ MR\/L003589\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematically investigate the effects of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the audio-vestibular system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review of literature investigating audio-vestibular conditions in persons with MS (PwMS) aged \u226518 years. PubMed, Scopus, NICE and Web of Science were searched. Randomised controlled trials, and cohort, case\u2013control, observational and retrospective studies in English, published from 2000 to 21 November 2021, evaluated PwMS with at least one outcome (pure tone audiometry, auditory brainstem response, otoacoustic emissions, cortical auditory evoked potentials, functional MRI assessing auditory function, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, videonystagmography, electronystagmography, posturography, rotary chair, gaps in noise, word discrimination scores, duration pattern sequence test), were included. Study selection and assessments of bias were independently conducted by two reviewers using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the NOS adapted for cross-sectional studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>35 studies were included. Auditory function was evaluated in 714 PwMS and 501 controls, vestibular function was evaluated in 682 PwMS and 446 controls. Peripheral auditory function results were contradictory between studies; some found abnormalities in PwMS, and others found no differences. Tests of brainstem and central auditory functions were more consistently found to be abnormal in PwMS. Most vestibular tests were reported as abnormal in PwMS, abnormalities were either peripheral or central or both. However, quantitative analyses could not be performed due to discrepancies between studies in results reporting, test stimulus and recording parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although abnormal results on auditory and vestibular tests were noted in PwMS, specific effects of MS on the audio-vestibular system could not be determined due to the heterogeneity between studies that restricted the ability to conduct any quantitative analyses. Further research with consistent reporting, consistent stimulus and consistent recording parameters is needed in order to quantify the effects of MS on the auditory and vestibular systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42020180094.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T11:05:47Z","timestamp":1660734347000},"page":"e060540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of multiple sclerosis on the audio-vestibular system: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Evrim","family":"G\u00fcr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness (ManCAD), School of Health Sciences, Ellen Wilkinson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Binkhamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness (ManCAD), School of Health Sciences, Ellen Wilkinson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Communication and Swallowing Disorders, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness (ManCAD), School of Health Sciences, Ellen Wilkinson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115707"},{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl075"},{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502"},{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132443","article-title":"Pathology of demyelinating diseases","volume":"7","author":"BFGh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathology Mech Dis"},{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.1.57"},{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31812f716e"},{"key":"2025121603205990000_12.8.e060540.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt T , Dieterich M . 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