{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:19:53Z","timestamp":1787584793094,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South Ethiopia Network of Universities in Public Health project, under the Norwegian Programme for Capacity Development in Higher Education and Research for Development","award":["ETH-13\/0025 \u00abSENUPH\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETH-13\/0025 \u00abSENUPH\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over centuries, Ethiopia has experienced severe famines and periods of serious drought, and malnutrition remains a major public health problem. The aims of this study were to estimate seasonal variations in child stunting and wasting, and identify factors associated with both forms of child malnutrition in drought-prone areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cohort study was conducted among a random sample of 909 children in rural southern Ethiopia. The same children were followed for 1\u2009year (2017\u20132018) with quarterly repeated measurements of their outcomes: height-for-age and weight-for-height indices (Z-scores). Linear regression models were used to analyse the association between both outcomes and baseline factors (eg, household participation in a social safety net programme and water access) and some time-varying factors (eg, household food insecurity).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Child wasting rates varied with seasonal household food insecurity (\u1d6a\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 15.9, p=0.001), but stunting rates did not. Household participation in a social safety net programme was associated with decreased stunting (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001) and wasting (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.002). In addition to its association with decreased wasting (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001), protected drinking water access enhanced the association between household participation in a social safety net programme and decreased stunting (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.009). Absence of a household latrine (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.011), lower maternal education level (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001), larger family size (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.004) and lack of non-farming income (p\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.002) were associated with increased child stunting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seasonal household food insecurity was associated with child undernutrition in rural Ethiopia. Strengthening community-based food security programmes, such as the Ethiopian social safety net programme, could help to reduce child undernutrition in drought-prone areas. Improving clean water access and sanitation could also decrease child undernutrition.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Key terms:<\/jats:bold>\n                      Z-scores; Social safety net program; Water access\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T10:00:46Z","timestamp":1668074446000},"page":"e060692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Seasonality and predictors of childhood stunting and wasting in drought-prone areas in Ethiopia: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2646-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bereket Yohannes","family":"Kabalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernt","family":"Lindtj\u00f8rn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120600040407000_12.11.e060692.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00294.x","article-title":"Malnutrition and mortality during recent famines in Ethiopia: implications for food aid and rehabilitation","volume":"18","author":"Kloos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"2025120600040407000_12.11.e060692.2","unstructured":"Cochrane L . Strengthening food security in rural Ethiopia [PhD] University of British Columbia; 2017."},{"key":"2025120600040407000_12.11.e060692.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.12.039","article-title":"Average crop yield (2001-2017) in Ethiopia: trends at national, regional and zonal levels","volume":"16","author":"Cochrane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"2025120600040407000_12.11.e060692.4","unstructured":"Shukla P , Skea J , Calvo Buendia E . 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