{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:45:35Z","timestamp":1789595135677,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81972538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Halitosis is defined as a foul odour emitted from the oral cavity. Many interventions have been used to control halitosis from mouthwashes to chewing gums. Probiotics have been reported as an alternative method to alleviate halitosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotics on halitosis from a time perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a meta-analysis study performed in indexed databases up to February 2021. Randomised controlled trials that compared the effects of probiotics and placebo on primary outcomes (organoleptic (OLP) scores and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels) and secondary outcomes (tongue coating scores (TCS) and plaque index (PI)) were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Publication bias and leave-one-out analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI were calculated to synthesise data. The data were subgrouped and analysed in the short term (\u22644 weeks) and long term (&gt;4 weeks) based on the follow-up time. Seven articles were included in this meta-analysis. The primary outcomes, OLP scores (SMD=\u22120.58; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.87 to \u20130.30, p&lt;0.0001) and VSC levels (SMD=\u22120.26; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.51 to \u20130.01, p=0.04), both decreased significantly in the probiotics group compared with the placebo group in the short term. However, a significant reduction was observed only in OLP scores (SMD=\u22120.45; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.85 to \u20130.04, p=0.03) in the long term. No significant differences were observed in secondary outcomes. There was no evidence of publication bias. The leave-one-out analysis confirmed that the pooled estimate was stable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the results of this work, it seems that probiotics (eg,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Weissella cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) may relieve halitosis in the short term (\u22644 weeks). The results of the biased assessment, limited data and heterogeneity of the clinical trials included might reduce the reliability of the conclusions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-060753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T20:11:29Z","timestamp":1671567089000},"page":"e060753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3844-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghe","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenzhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120618083687000_12.12.e060753.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38954.631968.AE"},{"key":"2025120618083687000_12.12.e060753.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2007.00274.x","article-title":"Halitosis among racially diverse populations: an update","volume":"6","author":"Rayman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"2025120618083687000_12.12.e060753.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x"},{"key":"2025120618083687000_12.12.e060753.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-2-4-22","article-title":"Fundamentals of breath malodour","volume":"2","author":"Sanz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"2025120618083687000_12.12.e060753.5","first-page":"257","article-title":"Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives","volume":"66","author":"Yaegaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2025120618083687000_12.12.e060753.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S339","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.163441","article-title":"Halitosis \u2013 an overview. 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