{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:04:12Z","timestamp":1788998652839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Road Safety Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the differences between women and men in the probability of entrapment, frequency of injury and outcomes following a motor vehicle collision. Publishing sex-disaggregated data, understanding differential patterns and exploring the reasons for these will assist with ensuring equity of outcomes especially in respect to triage, rescue and treatment of all patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined data from the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) registry to explore sex differences in entrapment, injuries and outcomes. We explored the relationship between age, sex and trapped status using multivariate logistical regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TARN is a UK-based trauma registry covering England and Wales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined data for 450\u2009357 patients submitted to TARN during the study period (2012\u20132019), of which 70 027 met the inclusion criteria. There were 18\u2009175 (26%) female and 51\u2009852 (74%) male patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report difference in entrapment status, injury and outcome between female and male patients. For trapped patients, we examined the effect of sex and age on death from any cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female patients were more frequently trapped than male patients (female patients (F) 15.8%, male patients (M) 9.4%; p&lt;0.0001). Trapped male patients more frequently suffered head (M 1318 (27.0%), F 578 (20.1%)), face, (M 46 (0.9%), F 6 (0.2%)), thoracic (M 2721 (55.8%), F 1438 (49.9%)) and limb injuries (M 1744 (35.8%), F 778 (27.0%); all p&lt;0.0001). Female patients had more injuries to the pelvis (F 420 (14.6%), M 475 (9.7%); p&lt;0.0001) and spine (F 359 (12.5%), M 485 (9.9%); p=0.001). Following adjustment for the interaction between age and sex, injury severity score, Glasgow Coma Scale and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, no difference in mortality was found between female and male patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are significant differences between female and male patients in the frequency at which patients are trapped and the injuries these patients sustain. This sex-disaggregated data may help vehicle manufacturers, road safety organisations and emergency services to tailor responses with the aim of equitable outcomes by targeting equal performance of safety measures and reducing excessive risk to one sex or gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T11:38:40Z","timestamp":1651577920000},"page":"e061076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Sex-disaggregated analysis of the injury patterns, outcome data and trapped status of major trauma patients injured in motor vehicle collisions: a prespecified analysis of the UK trauma registry (TARN)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0814-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Nutbeam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emergency Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK"},{"name":"Devon Air Ambulance Trust, Devon, UK"},{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Weekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENDRO, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Global Health Centre, Gender Centre, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emergency Department, Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Bouamra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health, Trauma Audit & Research Network, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emergency Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1486-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"Stassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222451836000_12.5.e061076.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32619-9","article-title":"Sex and gender analysis for better science and health equity","volume":"392","author":"Heidari","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025121222451836000_12.5.e061076.2","unstructured":"NCEPOD . 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