{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:28:29Z","timestamp":1785767309910,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81872614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the vitamin D status of children in northern China and the association between vitamin D and glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study was conducted among child participants and retrospective study designs were conducted among adult participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both studies were recruited from Harbin, 326 children were included in children\u2019s study, 8469 adults were included in adult study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physical examination, lifestyle and dietary habit data were recorded in all the participants. Serum insulin, glucose, 25(OH)D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentrations in children and serum glucose and lipids levels in adults were measured. Rickets history was also investigated in adults, which was used to define vitamin D deficiency in childhood. The associations were tested by linear regression and binary logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the children\u2019s study, only 10.7% of participants were vitamin D sufficient (\u226530\u2009ng\/mL). Inverse correlations between serum 25(OH)D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentration and fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were found, and children with lower serum 25(OH)D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentrations were likely to have insulin resistance (IR) (OR: 0.955, 95%\u2009CI: 0.917 to 0.995, p value: 0.027). In an adult study, rickets in childhood increased the risk of type 2 diabetes in male participants (OR=1.414, 95%\u2009CI=1.013 to 1.972; p value=0.042), but this result was not observed in female participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency is widespread in northern China. Vitamin D deficiency in childhood was associated with IR and increased the risk of type 2 diabetes in male adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T10:54:21Z","timestamp":1669719261000},"page":"e061146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D status in children and its association with glucose metabolism in northern China: a combination of a cross-sectional and retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5801-5972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and food hygiene, College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and food hygiene, College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1706291"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.2","unstructured":"IDF diabetes atlas, 2016. Available: http:\/\/www.idf. org\/diabetesatlas."},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4309","article-title":"Metabolic risk factors and type 2 diabetes incidence in American Indian children","volume":"101","author":"Wheelock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12316"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713231"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1534"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2018.04.014","article-title":"Bone metabolism in pediatric burned patients: a review","volume":"44","author":"Schryver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.06.007"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.531"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001500083X","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pre-school children in rural Nepal","volume":"19","author":"Avagyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.208280"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040319","article-title":"Nutrient status of vitamin D among Chinese children","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092109","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with insulin resistance in Mexican children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Denova-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1000"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000128","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"D\u0119bi\u0144ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2015.1042457","article-title":"The potential role of vitamin D in the link between obesity and asthma severity\/control in children","volume":"9","author":"Vo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.209171"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0213"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.050013"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz340","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D-deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"111","author":"Rajakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.06.006"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1399446","article-title":"Both youth and long-term vitamin D status is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood: a cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122598","article-title":"The Harbin cohort study on diet, nutrition and chronic non-communicable diseases: study design and baseline characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Na","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m997"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.26","unstructured":"Y Y . China Food Consumption: Peking University Medical Press, 2005."},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.27","unstructured":"WHO . Application tools: WHO AnthroPlus software. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/growthref\/tools\/en"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00280.x"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.03.002"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.213","article-title":"History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites","volume":"3","author":"DeLuca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_16","article-title":"Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"996","author":"Issa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1678S"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang LL , Wang HY , Wen HK . Vitamin D status among infants, children, and adolescents in southeastern China. J Zhejiang Univ SCI B. 2016;17:545\u201352.","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1500285"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002334"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2015-0422","article-title":"Relationship between HOMA-IR and serum vitamin D in Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.017","article-title":"Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"175","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000539031.69425.3e","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and glucose metabolism in non-diabetic essential hypertensive patients","volume":"36","author":"Catena","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1666","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and \u03b2 cell dysfunction","volume":"80","author":"Boucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.40","first-page":"1859","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency enhances insulin resistance by promoting inflammation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122891","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation reduces both oxidative DNA damage and insulin resistance in the elderly with metabolic disorders","volume":"20","author":"Wenclewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70184-6","article-title":"Association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and incident type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1926308","article-title":"Vitamin D and incidence of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: a four-year follow-up community-based study","volume":"2018","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0790"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-007-0017-6"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2532-x"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2016.1248170","article-title":"Nutritional rickets around the world: an update","volume":"37","author":"Creo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.50","unstructured":"Fong HC HY , Shen KY , Dewen PI . Prevention and treatment of rickets (report). In: Henan College of medicine publication, 1980: 1\u201310."},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1550907"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/105828"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2011.107"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031049"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.547"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-0952"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099646"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.010"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170042"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401332","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Harinarayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"2025101814593593000_12.11.e061146.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3316-7","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy results in insulin resistance in rat offspring, which is associated with inflammation and I\u03baB\u03b1 methylation","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1760824789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}}}