{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:56:21Z","timestamp":1787860581020,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["288696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["288696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the perceived risk of psychotropic and mental illness exposures (1) during pregnancy or (2) while breastfeeding on offspring neurodevelopment, and factors associated with this perception in women with past\/current mental illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional, web-based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide in Norway, June 2020\u2013June 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women aged 18\u201355 years who were pregnant, recent mothers or planning a pregnancy, and had been offered antidepressants in the last 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perceived risk of prenatal and breastmilk exposure to psychotropic medications and maternal mental illness on offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 448\u2009women: 234 pregnant, 146 mothers and 68 planning a pregnancy. On a 0\u201310 scale, women perceived antidepressants as least harmful both (1) in pregnancy (mean score 4.2, 95%\u2009CI 3.6 to 4.8) and (2) while breastfeeding (mean score 3.8, 95%\u2009CI 3.3 to 4.4), relative to antipsychotics, anxiety\/sleeping medication or antiepileptics (mean score range: 6.3\u20136.5 during pregnancy, 5.5\u20136.2 while breastfeeding). Many participants were unfamiliar with psychotropics other than antidepressants. The perceived risk of mental illness exposure exceeded that of antidepressants (mean score range 5.6\u20135.9) in both exposure periods. Using general linear models, factors associated with greater antidepressant risk perception in both exposure periods included having lower education, non-Norwegian native language, and employment status (range mean score difference (\u03b2): 2.07\u20136.07). For pregnant women and mothers, there was an inverse association between perceived risk and the perceived antidepressant effectiveness in both exposure periods (range of \u03b2: \u22120.18 to \u20130.25).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In women with past\/current mental illness, the perceived risk of antidepressant exposure on child neurodevelopment was lower than that for maternal mental illness. Other psychotropic medications were perceived as more harmful. As medication risk perception influences the decision-making regarding treatment of mental illness, pre- and pregnancy counselling should target women with characteristics associated with higher perceived risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T10:52:16Z","timestamp":1664535136000},"page":"e061159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perceived risk of neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring related to psychotropic and mental illness exposures in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a cross-sectional survey of women with past or current mental illness"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludvig D","family":"Bj\u00f8rndal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8167-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Tauqeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4553-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin S","family":"Heiervang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Mental Health Services, Akershus Universitetssykehus HF, Lorenskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3282-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne K","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Mental Health Services, Akershus Universitetssykehus HF, Lorenskog, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders and Mental Health Division, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8519-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Medicines Information and Pharmacovigilance Centre (RELIS Vest), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Lupattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0468-6","article-title":"Perinatal depression: an update and overview","volume":"16","author":"Stuart-Parrigon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.187179"},{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12r07917"},{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000724"},{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1142","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13r08926","article-title":"Acute and long-term behavioral outcome of infants and children exposed in utero to either maternal depression or antidepressants: a review of the literature","volume":"75","author":"Suri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20769"},{"key":"2025120523242960000_12.9.e061159.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrick VC . 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