{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:08:21Z","timestamp":1787620101972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32003B-163240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B-163240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32003B_176119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_176119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hyperglycaemia during pregnancy is associated with cardiometabolic risks for the mother and the offspring. Mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have signs of subclinical atherosclerosis, including increased carotid intima\u2013media thickness (CIMT). We assessed whether GDM is associated with increased CIMT in the offspring at birth.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MySweetHeart Cohort is a prospective cohort study conducted in Switzerland.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Participants, exposure and outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This work included pregnant women with and without GDM at 24\u201332 weeks of gestation and their singleton live-born offspring with data on the primary outcome of CIMT. GDM was diagnosed based on the criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. Offspring\u2019s CIMT was measured by ultrasonography after birth (range 1\u201319 days).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data on CIMT were available for 99 offspring of women without GDM and 101 offspring of women with GDM. Maternal age ranged from 18 to 47 years. Some 16% of women with GDM and 6% of women without GDM were obese. Smoking during pregnancy was more frequent among women with GDM (18%) than among those without GDM (4%). Neonatal characteristics were comparable between the two groups. The difference in CIMT between offspring of women with and without GDM was of 0.00 mm (95% CI \u22120.01 to 0.01; p=0.96) and remained similar on adjustment for potential confounding factors, such as maternal prepregnancy body mass index, maternal education, smoking during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, as well as offspring\u2019s sex, age, and body surface area (0.00 mm (95% CI \u22120.02 to 0.01; p=0.45)).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found no evidence of increased CIMT in neonates exposed to GDM. A longer-term follow-up that includes additional vascular measures, such as endothelial function or arterial stiffness, may shed further light on the cardiovascular health trajectories in children born to mothers with GDM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02872974\">NCT02872974<\/jats:ext-link>; Pre-results.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T12:31:09Z","timestamp":1669725069000},"page":"e061649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gestational diabetes mellitus and offspring\u2019s carotid intima\u2013media thickness at birth: MySweetHeart Cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02872974","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02890693","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina Mihaela","family":"Epure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1977-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3507-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Mivelaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Estoppey Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Chiolero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Sekarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60515-8"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903550659"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.4","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation . IDF diabetes atlas. 9th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2019."},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3985-5"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-14-132"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.2790","article-title":"Association of history of gestational diabetes with long-term cardiovascular disease risk in a large prospective cohort of US women","volume":"177","author":"Tobias","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003414","article-title":"Risk factors during first 1,000 days of life for carotid intima-media thickness in infants, children, and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"17","author":"Epure","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.9","first-page":"668","article-title":"Subclinical arterial damage in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2013"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2689-8"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001065"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016972"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020462"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.192639"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710223171718"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2020.03.001","article-title":"New comprehensive reference values for arterial vascular parameters in children","volume":"33","author":"Torigoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.252114"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.037"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.184184"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v3i3.28","article-title":"Absence of increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"3","author":"Atabek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107841","article-title":"Projections of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in 2019 and beyond: results from the International diabetes Federation diabetes atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Yuen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.029"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0572"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1454"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2393"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2017-110886"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.004657"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.054","article-title":"Transcutaneous very-high resolution ultrasound for the quantification of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in children - feasibility and comparison with conventional high resolution vascular ultrasound imaging","volume":"224","author":"Sarkola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2022112903200086000_12.7.e061649.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0243-8"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T12:31:24Z","timestamp":1669725084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}