{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:54:11Z","timestamp":1793642051137,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation of Health Science, Region of Northern","award":["No grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number"]}]},{"name":"Talent Management Program, Aalborg University","award":["No grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04m5j1k67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes and explore associations to clinical aspects as well as microvascular and macrovascular complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outpatient diabetes clinic at the Department of Endocrinology at Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>100 participants with type 2 diabetes confirmed by a haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)\u22656.5% for a minimum of 1\u2009year and 21 healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum levels of 27 inflammation-related biomarkers measured by immunoassay. Associations with microvascular and macrovascular complications, body weight, glycaemic control, medication and sex were investigated in the diabetes cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and eotaxin were elevated in type 2 diabetes (p&lt;0.05), while interleukin (IL)-7 was decreased (p&lt;0.001). IL-12\/IL-23p40, IL-15, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and C reactive protein (CRP) levels were increased with body weight (p&lt;0.05), while eotaxin and TNF-\u03b1 were increased with elevated HbA1c levels (p&lt;0.04). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy was associated with lower levels of induced protein-10, MDC and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (p&lt;0.02), while females had higher levels of MDC (p=0.027). Individuals with \u22653 diabetic complications had elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12\/IL-23p40, IL-15 and CRP compared with those with \u22643 (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The level of low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity, glycaemic regulation, therapeutical management, sex and complications. Our results underline the importance of addressing inflammatory issues in type 2 diabetes, as these may predispose for crippling comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T09:56:50Z","timestamp":1671011810000},"page":"e062188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from a Danish diabetes outpatient clinic"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tina","family":"Okdahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Wegeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flemming","family":"Pociot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"St\u00f8rling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3381-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022121406552271000_12.12.e062188.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.058"},{"key":"2022121406552271000_12.12.e062188.2","unstructured":"Federation ID . 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