{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:29:06Z","timestamp":1780990146111,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFC GCRF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFC GCRF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/19\/17\/34172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/19\/17\/34172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and explore associations with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hscTnI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pilot cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were collected from community HIV clinics across two sites in Nairobi, Kenya, from July 2019 to May 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Convenience sample of 200 PLHIV (\u226530 years with no prior history of CVD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and its association with hsTnI and hsCRP levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Across 200 PLHIV (median age 46 years, IQR 38\u201353; 61% women), the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol &gt;6.1\u2009mmol\/L) and hypertension were 19% (n=30\/199) and 30% (n=60\/200), respectively. Smoking and diabetes prevalence was 3% (n=5\/200) and 4% (n=7\/200). HscTnI was below the limit of quantification (&lt;2.5\u2009ng\/L) in 65% (n=109\/169). High (&gt;3\u2009mg\/L), intermediate (1\u20133\u2009mg\/L) and low (&lt;1\u2009mg\/L) hsCRP levels were found in 38% (n=75\/198), 33% (n=65\/198) and 29% (n=58\/198), respectively. Framingham laboratory-based risk scores classified 83% of PLHIV at low risk with 12% and 5% at intermediate and high risk, respectively. Older age (adjusted OR (aOR) per year increase 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08) and systolic blood pressure (140\u2013159\u2009mm Hg (aOR 2.96; 95%\u2009CI 1.09 to 7.90) and &gt;160\u2009mm Hg (aOR 4.68, 95%\u2009CI 1.55 to 14) compared with &lt;140\u2009mm Hg) were associated with hscTnI levels. No associations were observed between hsCRP and CVD risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The majority of PLHIV\u2014using traditional risk estimation systems\u2014have a low estimated CVD risk likely reflecting a younger aged population predominantly consisting of women. Hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were common while smoking and diabetes rates remained low. While hscTnI values were associated with increasing age and raised blood pressure, no associations between hsCRP levels and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were observed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T11:32:23Z","timestamp":1654515143000},"page":"e062352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cardiovascular risk factors and markers of myocardial injury and inflammation in people living with HIV in Nairobi, Kenya: a pilot cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Adan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeilan","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaiah G","family":"Akuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan Ken","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2099-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirjel R","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Cardiology, North Bristol Trust, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Perel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmit","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed K","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Eskander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Coptic Hospital and Coptic Hope Center for Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop SV","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811090442000_12.6.e062352.1","unstructured":"Global AIDS Update . 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