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Reference screening and emailing professional contacts were also used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal observational studies that estimated the association between diabetes and developing frozen shoulder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data extraction was completed by one reviewer and independently checked by another using a predefined extraction sheet. Risk of bias was judged using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. For studies providing sufficient data, random-effects meta-analysis was used to derive summary estimates of the association between diabetes and the onset of frozen shoulder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A meta-analysis of six case\u2013control studies including 5388 people estimated the odds of developing frozen shoulder for people with diabetes to be 3.69 (95% CI 2.99 to 4.56) times the odds for people without diabetes. Two cohort studies were identified, both suggesting diabetes was associated with frozen shoulder, with HRs of 1.32 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.42) and 1.67 (95% CI 1.46 to 1.91). Risk of bias was judged as high in seven studies and moderate in one study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with diabetes are more likely to develop frozen shoulder. Risk of unmeasured confounding was the main limitation of this systematic review. High-quality studies are needed to confirm the strength of, and understand reasons for, the association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42019122963.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T11:01:39Z","timestamp":1672830099000},"page":"e062377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Diabetes as a risk factor for the onset of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8039-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett Paul","family":"Dyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trishna","family":"Rathod-Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"van der Windt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Bucknall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2011.01.007"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7530.1453"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5397\/cise.2015.18.3.133","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics of primary frozen shoulder in a Korean population","volume":"18","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(82)90030-0"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.5","first-page":"483","article-title":"Association between frozen shoulder and thyroid diseases: strengthening the evidences","volume":"55","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04183","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism is a risk factor for developing adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a nationwide longitudinal population-based study","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608951","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder stiffness: current concepts","volume":"5","author":"Cucchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joints"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001307010352"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00936"},{"key":"2025101811260404000_13.1.e062377.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.18410\/jebmh\/2017\/135","article-title":"Is hyperlipidaemia a cause of primary frozen shoulder? 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