{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:37:33Z","timestamp":1793147853470,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vulnerable Migrants Wellbeing Project Advisory Board","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000855","name":"University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001704","name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000279","name":"Nuffield Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR300072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR300290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBF005\\1111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBF005\\1111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005622","name":"Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005622","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"La Caixa","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Explore primary care professionals\u2019 views around barriers\/facilitators to catch-up vaccination in adult migrants (foreign-born; over 18 years of age) with incomplete\/uncertain vaccination status and for routine vaccines to inform development of interventions to improve vaccine uptake and coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative interview study with purposive sampling and thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UK primary care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>64 primary care professionals (PCPs): 48 clinical-staff including general practitioners, practice nurses and healthcare assistants; 16 administrative-staff including practice managers and receptionists (mean age 45 years; 84.4% women; a range of ethnicities).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants highlighted direct and indirect barriers to catch-up vaccines in adult migrants who may have missed vaccines as children, missed boosters and not be aligned with the UK\u2019s vaccine schedule, from both personal and service-delivery levels, with themes including: lack of training and knowledge of guidance among staff; unclear or incomplete vaccine records; and lack of incentivisation (including financial) and dedicated time and care pathways. Adult migrants were reported as being excluded from many vaccination initiatives, most of which focus exclusively on children. Where delivery models existed, they were diverse and fragmented, but included a combination of opportunistic and proactive programmes. PCPs noted that migrants expressed to them a range of views around vaccines, from positivity to uncertainty, to refusal, with specific nationality groups reported as more hesitant about specific vaccines, including measles, mumps and rubella (MMR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WHO\u2019s new Immunization Agenda 2030 calls for greater focus to be placed on delivering vaccination across the life course, targeting underimmunised groups for catch-up vaccination at any age, and UK primary care services therefore have a key role. Vaccine uptake in adult migrants could be improved through implementing new financial incentives or inclusion of adult migrant vaccination targets in Quality Outcomes Framework, strengthening care pathways and training and working directly with local community-groups to improve understanding around the benefits of vaccination at all ages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T12:10:45Z","timestamp":1665403845000},"page":"e062894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["\u201cWe don\u2019t routinely check vaccination background in adults\u201d: a national qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to vaccine delivery and uptake in adult migrants through UK primary care"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9590-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anushka","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Knights","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Deal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"LSHTM, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0450-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison F","family":"Crawshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy Pollyanna","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Institute, and Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Wurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKHSA, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ciftci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctors of the World UK, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00193-6","article-title":"Migration and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease in Europe: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Deal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1281374"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpo.2018.05.002","article-title":"African cervical cancer prevention and control plans: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cancer Policy"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0926-7","article-title":"Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella seroprevalence in refugees in Germany in 2015","volume":"44","author":"Jablonka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab025","article-title":"Seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infections in migrants in Spain","volume":"28","author":"Norman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.001","article-title":"Vaccine-Preventable diseases and immunisation coverage among migrants and non-migrants worldwide: a scoping review of published literature, 2006 to 2016","volume":"37","author":"Charania","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.41.1700772","article-title":"Divergent approaches in the vaccination of recently arrived migrants to Europe: a survey of national experts from 32 countries, 2017","volume":"23","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00066-4","article-title":"Defining the determinants of vaccine uptake and undervaccination in migrant populations in Europe to improve routine and COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.9","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Immunization agenda 2030, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/strategies\/ia2030"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.10","unstructured":"WHO . Leave no one behind. guidance for planning and implementing catch-up vaccination. Geneva: WHO, 2021."},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . Immunization agenda 2030: a global strategy to leave no one behind, 2020"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101715","article-title":"Strengthening screening for infectious diseases and vaccination among migrants in Europe: what is needed to close the implementation gaps?","volume":"39","author":"Noori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.13","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Public health guidance on screening and vaccination of migrants in the EU\/EEA. ECDC. Sweden: Stockholm, 2018. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/public-health-guidance-screening-and-vaccination-infectious-diseases-newly"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.14","unstructured":"Public Health England . Vaccination of individuals with uncertain or incomplete immunisation status. updated 26th August 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/vaccination-of-individuals-with-uncertain-or-incomplete-immunisation-status\/vaccination-of-individuals-with-uncertain-or-incomplete-immunisation-status [Accessed 21 Sep 2021]."},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104973239500500201"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V , Clarke V . Thematic analysis. In: Cooper H , Camic PM , Long DL , et al , eds. Apa Handbook of research methods in psychology, 2: research designs: quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2012.","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040974"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060681","article-title":"Immunization catch-up for newly arrived migrants in France: a cross-sectional study among French general practitioners","volume":"9","author":"Moussaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.10.011","article-title":"National approaches to the vaccination of recently arrived migrants in Europe: a comparative policy analysis across 32 European countries","volume":"27","author":"Ravensbergen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.068","article-title":"Immunisation of migrants in EU\/EEA countries: policies and practices","volume":"37","author":"Giambi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X684817"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab048","article-title":"What must be done to tackle vaccine hesitancy and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in migrants?","volume":"28","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112428","article-title":"Perspectives on the measles, mumps and rubella vaccination among Somali mothers in Stockholm","volume":"15","author":"Jama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2020.1825618","article-title":"Vaccines and vitriol: an anthropological commentary on vaccine hesitancy, decision-making and interventionism among religious minorities","volume":"28","author":"Kasstan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anthropol Med"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.26","unstructured":"Immunization coverage WHO , 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/immunization-coverage"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.05.009","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy in migrant communities: a rapid review of latest evidence","volume":"71","author":"Tankwanchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.28","unstructured":"Doctors of the World UK . Vaccine confidence toolkit. England: London, 2021. https:\/\/www.doctorsoftheworld.org.uk\/what-we-stand-for\/supporting-medics\/vaccine-confidence-toolkit\/"},{"key":"2025121422402446000_12.10.e062894.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102065","article-title":"Interventions to improve vaccination uptake and cost effectiveness of vaccination strategies in newly arrived migrants in the EU\/EEA: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062894","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:40:37Z","timestamp":1765780837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062894","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.03.11.22272274","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}}}