{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T15:46:58Z","timestamp":1794066418923,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nigeria reported an upsurge in cholera cases in October 2020, which then transitioned into a large, disseminated epidemic for most of 2021. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits and the factors associated with mortality during the epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of national surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>33 of 37 states (including the Federal Capital Territory) in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persons who met cholera case definition (a person of any age with acute watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting) between October 2020 and October 2021 within the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attack rate (AR; per 100\u2009000 persons), case fatality rate (CFR; %) and accuracy of RDT performance compared with culture using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Additionally, individual factors associated with cholera deaths and hospitalisation were presented as adjusted OR with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 93\u2009598 cholera cases and 3298 deaths (CFR: 3.5%) were reported across 33 of 37 states in Nigeria within the study period. The proportions of cholera cases were higher in men aged 5\u201314 years and women aged 25\u201344 years. The overall AR was 46.5 per 100\u2009000 persons. The North-West region recorded the highest AR with 102 per 100\u2009000. Older age, male gender, residency in the North-Central region and severe dehydration significantly increased the odds of cholera deaths. The cholera RDT had excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUROC=0.91; 95%\u2009CI 0.87 to 0.96).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholera remains a serious public health threat in Nigeria with a high mortality rate. Thus, we recommend making RDT kits more widely accessible for improved surveillance and prompt case management across the country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1663593071000},"page":"e063703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Epidemiology, diagnostics and factors associated with mortality during a cholera epidemic in Nigeria, October 2020\u2013October 2021: a retrospective analysis of national surveillance data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Elimian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Yennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7978-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwar","family":"Musah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliya Danladi","family":"Cheshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauryn","family":"Dunkwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Ladan","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eme","family":"Ekeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwatosin Wuraola","family":"Akande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauchi State Ministry of Health, Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Pembi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adamawa State Ministry of Health, Yola, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Nasir","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olubunmi Omowumi","family":"Olopha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Nnaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basheer","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kano State Ministry of Health, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejoice","family":"Luka-Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adachioma Chinonso","family":"Ihueze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Olatunji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidimma","family":"Ojukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afolabi Muftau","family":"Akinpelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ene","family":"Adaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zamfara State Ministry of Health, Zamfara State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma","family":"Nwadiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rivers State Ministry of Health, Port Harcourt, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ngishe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Ministry of Health, Benue State, Makurdi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes Bosede","family":"Alowooye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ekitit State Ministry of Health and Human Services, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peace Chinma","family":"Nwogwugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abia State Ministry of Health, Umuanhia, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadeejah","family":"Kamaldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kwara State Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Nweke","family":"Abah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egbuna Hyacinth","family":"Chukwuebuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imo State Ministry of Health, Owerri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakeem Abiola","family":"Yusuff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ogun State Ministry of Health, Abeokuta, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Mamadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office for Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Aliyu","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Sokoto State, Sokoto, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okpachi Christopher","family":"Abbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Popoola Michael","family":"Oladotun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santino","family":"Oifoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal","family":"Olugbile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Nigeria Office, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Agogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resolve to Saves Lives, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnaemeka","family":"Ndodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olajumoke","family":"Babatunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwando","family":"Mba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Oladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie","family":"Ilori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Alfv\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Myles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Research Datalink, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinwe Lucia","family":"Ochu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikwe","family":"Ihekweazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifedayo","family":"Adetifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.093427"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Cholera Wkly Epidemiol Rec; 2020: 445\u201354. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/345271\/WER9637-445-454-eng-fre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.3","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Weekly epidemiological record cholera Cholera; 2019. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/334242\/WER9537-441-448-eng-fre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.4","unstructured":"Cholera Platform . Cholera Outbreaks in Central and West Africa : 2020 Regional Update-Week 1-53, 2020. Available: www.plateformecholera.info"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization Africa . Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and other Emergencies, Week 27: 29 June - 5 July 2020; 2020. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/332993\/OEW27-290505072020.pdf"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.6","unstructured":"ReliefWeb . Nigeria: poor surveillance helps spread cholera, 2010. Available: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/nigeria\/nigeria-poor-surveillance-helps-spread-cholera [Accessed 08 Dec 2021]."},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.7","article-title":"Cholera epidemiology in Nigeria: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Adagbada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036930","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid dipstick (crystal Vc) for the diagnosis of cholera in Zanzibar and a comparison with previous studies","volume":"7","author":"Ley","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/amhs.amhs_20_18","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid dipstick test (Crystal Vc \u00ae) for the diagnosis of cholera in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Denue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Health Sci"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elimian KO , Musah A , Mezue S . Descriptive epidemiology of cholera outbreak in Nigeria, january\u2013november, 2018: implications for the global roadmap strategy. BMC Public Health;2019:1\u201311.doi:10.1186\/s12889-019-7559-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7559-6"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1167"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.12","first-page":"339","article-title":"Impacts of flooding on coastal fishing folks and risk adaptation behaviours in epe, lagos state","volume":"12","author":"Samuel Oyekale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Food, Agric Environ"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001427"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.14","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control . Technical guidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response in Nigeria. Abuja; 2013. https:\/\/www.ncdc.gov.ng\/themes\/common\/docs\/protocols\/4_1476085948.pdf"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.15","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control . Preparedness and response to acute watery diarrhoea outbreaks: a guide for health workers and authorities in Nigeria. Abuja; 2017."},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera. Atlanta, Georgia; 1999. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/66885\/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_99.8.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.368.20981","article-title":"Identifying and quantifying the factors associated with cholera-related death during the 2018 outbreak in Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Elimian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09301-4"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.19","first-page":"173","article-title":"Cholera outbreak in a southwest community of Nigeria: investigation of risk factors and evaluation of a district surveillance system","volume":"32","author":"Fatiregun","year":"2013","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.20","unstructured":"Global Task Force on Cholera Control . Ending cholera: a global roadmap to 2030. Annecy; 2017: p. 32. https:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/publications\/global-roadmap.pdf"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.21","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR), Government of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), UNICEF . Water, sanitation and hygiene: national outcome routine mapping (wash norm) 2019: a report of findings. FCT, Abuja; 2020. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/nigeria\/media\/3576\/file\/WASH NORM Report 2019.pdf"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.5.12768","article-title":"Cholera outbreak in a na\u00efve rural community in northern Nigeria: the importance of hand washing with soap, september 2010","volume":"30","author":"Gidado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3","article-title":"A cholera outbreak in a rural North central Nigerian community: an unmatched case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Dan-Nwafor","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2003.0006","article-title":"A large cholera outbreak in Kano City, Nigeria: the importance of hand washing with soap and the danger of street-vended water","volume":"1","author":"Hutin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135676"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2021.1604030","article-title":"Cholera in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: a worrying trend in Africa?","volume":"66","author":"Owoicho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.27","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control . COVID-19 Nigeria. In: Ncdc coronavirus COVID-19 microsite, 2021. https:\/\/covid19.ncdc.gov.ng\/"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.28","unstructured":"The Global Alliance Against Cholera . Ongoing cholera epidemic in Ethiopia, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.choleraalliance.org\/en\/ressources\/news\/ongoing-cholera-epidemic-ethiopia [Accessed 24 Nov 2021]."},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.24.3.1619","article-title":"An evidence base for international health regulations: quantitative measurement of the impacts of epidemic disease on international trade","volume":"24","author":"Kimball","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.10.2730-2732.1992","article-title":"Vibrio-Associated gastroenteritis in the lower cross-river basin of Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Ndon","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060083","article-title":"Epidemiological features of an outbreak of gastroenteritis\/cholera in Katsina, Northern Nigeria","volume":"91","author":"Umoh","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.32","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness. Geneva; 2004. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/cholera-outbreak-assessing-the-outbreak-response-and-improving-preparedness"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.33","unstructured":"Global Task Force for Cholera Control . Interim technical note: the use of cholera rapid diagnostic tests, November 2016, 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/task_force\/Interim-guidance-cholera-RDT.pdf"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i2.16381","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the circulating strains of vibrio cholerae during 2010 cholera outbreak in Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"Oyedeji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01467-16"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002049"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.37","unstructured":"Muanya C . COVID-19 exposed Nigeria\u2019s fragile, under funded system in 2020 The Guardian; 2020. https:\/\/guardian.ng\/features\/covid-19-exposed-nigerias-fragile-under-funded-system-in-2020\/ [Accessed 29 Dec 2021]."},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.38","unstructured":"Trombley M . Strategy for Integrating Gendered Response in Haiti\u2019s Cholera Epidemic, 2010. Available: https:\/\/gbvguidelines.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/29_Haiti_UNICEF_Briefing_Note_Gender_Cholera.pdf"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.084","article-title":"Rotavirus diarrhoea hospitalizations among children under 5\u202fyears of age in Nigeria, 2011-2016","volume":"36","author":"Tagbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025120600120643000_12.9.e063703.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037360"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T08:12:29Z","timestamp":1765008749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}