{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:22Z","timestamp":1791354142555,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/S007393\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S007393\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014609","name":"Public Health Wales","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["105186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Nation Institute for Health Research","award":["NIHR133680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR133680"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, 20\u2009million children are born with a birth weight below 2500 g every year, which is considered as a low birthweight (LBW) baby. This study investigates the contribution of modifiable risk factors in a nationally representative Welsh e-cohort of children and their mothers to inform opportunities to reduce LBW prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal cohort study based on anonymously linked, routinely collected multiple administrative data sets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort, (N=693\u2009377) comprising of children born between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2018 in Wales, was selected from the National Community Child Health Database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk factors associated with a binary LBW (outcome) variable were investigated with multivariable logistic regression (MLR) and decision tree (DT) models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MLR model showed that non-singleton children had the highest risk of LBW (adjusted OR 21.74 (95% CI 21.09 to 22.40)), followed by pregnancy interval less than 1\u2009year (2.92 (95% CI 2.70 to 3.15)), maternal physical and mental health conditions including diabetes (2.03 (1.81 to 2.28)), anaemia (1.26 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.36)), depression (1.58 (95% CI 1.43 to 1.75)), serious mental illness (1.46 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.05)), anxiety (1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.38)) and use of antidepressant medication during pregnancy (1.92 (95% CI 1.20 to 3.07)). Additional maternal risk factors include smoking (1.80 (95% CI 1.76 to 1.84)), alcohol-related hospital admission (1.60 (95% CI 1.30 to 1.97)), substance misuse (1.35 (95% CI 1.29 to 1.41)) and evidence of domestic abuse (1.98 (95% CI 1.39 to 2.81)). Living in less deprived area has lower risk of LBW (0.70 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.72)). The most important risk factors from the DT models include maternal factors such as smoking, maternal weight, substance misuse record, maternal age along with deprivation\u2014Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation score, pregnancy interval and birth order of the child.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resources to reduce the prevalence of LBW should focus on improving maternal health, reducing preterm births, increasing awareness of what is a sufficient pregnancy interval, and to provide adequate support for mothers\u2019 mental health and well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keir Hardie University Health Park, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, West Glamorgan, UK"},{"name":"Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Cardiff Road, Duffryn, Newport, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tint Lwin","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Population Health and 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