{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:58:41Z","timestamp":1779886721881,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of and factors associated with the lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Population-based, cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Analysis of data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>90\u2009846 individuals aged \u226515 years were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The self-reported medical diagnosis of depression at some point in one\u2019s life was the main outcome. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% CIs were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance. The independent variables included the geographical area of residence, sociodemographic characteristics, current smoking status, alcohol abuse, daily screen time, and the presence of physical disorders and mental health comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The self-reported lifetime prevalence of medical diagnosis of depression was 9.9% (95% CI 9.5% to 10.2%). The probability of having received a medical diagnosis of depression was higher among urban residents (PR 1.23; 95%\u2009CI 1.12 to 1.35); females (2.75; 2.52 to 2.99); those aged 20\u201329 years (1.17; 0.91 to 1.51), 30\u201339 years (1.73; 1.36 to 2.19), 40\u201349 years (2.30; 1.81 to 2.91), 50\u201359 years (2.32; 1.84 to 2.93) and 60\u201369 years (2.27; 1.78 to 2.90) compared with those under 20 years; white-skinned people (0.69 (0.61 to 0.78) for black-skinned people and 0.74 (0.69 to 0.80) for indigenous, yellow and brown-skinned people compared with white-skinned people); those with fewer years of education (1.33(1.12 to 1.58) among those with 9\u201311 years, 1.14 (0.96 to 1.34) among those with 1\u20138 years and 1.29 (1.11 to 1.50) among those with 0 years compared with those with \u226512 years of education); those who were separated\/divorced (1.43; 1.29 to 1.59), widowed (1.06; 0.95 to 1.19) and single (1.01; 0.93 to 1.10) compared with married people; smokers (1.26; 1.14 to 1.38); heavy screen users (1.31; 1.16 to 1.48) compared with those whose usage was &lt;6\u2009hours\/day; those with a medical diagnosis of a physical disorder (1.80; 1.67 to 1.97); and individuals with a medical diagnosis of a mental health comorbidity (5.05; 4.68 to 5.46).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This nationwide population-based study of self-reported lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil showed that the prevalence was almost 10%. Considering the current Brazilian population, this prevalence corresponds to more than 2 million people who have been diagnosed with depression at some point in their lives.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1670235919000},"page":"e063902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prevalence of self-reported lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil: analysis of data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Mattiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Ospina Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flaviana","family":"Freitas Pedron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Cristina Schutz","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lessa Gaudie Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Medeiros Paungartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiara","family":"da Silva Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Am\u00e9lia","family":"Bagatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naycka","family":"Onofre Witt Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Oliveira Machado Cecagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0713-8021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Kvitko de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"L\u00f3pez T\u00f3rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago N","family":"Munhoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e1 S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Depression and other common mental disorders global health estimates, 2017. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/254610 [Accessed 12 Jan 2022]."},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l794"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.3","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990 \u2013 2019\u202f: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"2020","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-0650","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-020-00204-5","article-title":"Depressive disorders in Brazil: results from the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"18","author":"Bonadiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.038"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720200068"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa026","article-title":"What prevents health policy being 'evidence-based'? New ways to think about evidence, policy and interventions in health","volume":"135","author":"Lancaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1","article-title":"A consensus-based checklist for reporting of survey studies (cross)","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.11","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografi a e Estat\u00edstica . National health survey 2019: perception of health status, lifestyles, chronic diseases and oral health, 2019."},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-49742020000500004","article-title":"National health survey 2019: history, methods and perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Stopa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol e Serv saude"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.020"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-16"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.224"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.16","first-page":"137","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"9","year":"20192022","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23276-8"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1294","article-title":"Prevalence of depression morbidity among Brazilian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.19","unstructured":"Sa\u00fade BMda . Secretaria de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Sa\u00fade. Departamento de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Epecializada E Tem\u00e1tica. In: Centro de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Psicossocial E Unidade de Acolhimento como lugares dA aten\u00e7\u00e3o psicossocial NOS territ\u00f3rios: orienta\u00e7\u00f5es para elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de projetos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o, reforma E amplia\u00e7\u00e3o de caps E de UA, 2015."},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000588","article-title":"urbanicity, and depression: a review of the recent global literature","volume":"33","author":"Sampson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.21","article-title":"Race\/skin color and mental health disorders in Brazil: a systematic review of the literature","author":"Smolen","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-017-0179-8"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30060-9","article-title":"Social determinants of mental disorders and the sustainable development goals: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"5","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e729","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00047-5","article-title":"Prevalence and variability of current depressive disorder in 27 European countries: a population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Arias-de la Torre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.09.004","article-title":"Gender, mental health and ageing","volume":"129","author":"Kiely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw140"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14935","article-title":"Effect of alcohol use disorders and alcohol intake on the risk of subsequent depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6576-9"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112686","article-title":"Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"284","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.30","first-page":"117","article-title":"Depression in the context of chronic diseases in the United States and China","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6576-9"},{"key":"2025101811221513000_12.12.e063902.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658","article-title":"Exploring comorbidity within mental disorders among a Danish national population","volume":"76","author":"Plana-Ripoll","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T18:22:26Z","timestamp":1760811746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}}}