{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:47:47Z","timestamp":1765608467494,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19JCZDJC36700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19JCZDJC36700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017ZX10203201007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10203201007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The renal excretion function of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reduced, and the nervous system toxic reactions of antibiotics are prone to occur. The purpose of this study is to screen out some risk factors for patients with CKD to suffer from antibiotic-associated encephalopathy (AAE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A tertiary hospital in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The medical records of patients who were hospitalised for CKD and infectious diseases in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2019. All patients used antibiotics to treat infectious diseases during hospitalisation. All patients were divided into two groups according to whether they developed AAE during hospitalisation. The patients with CKD without AAE were selected as the control group (n=120), and the patients with CKD with AAE were regarded as the AAE group (n=102).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study systematically analysed its clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, prognosis, etc, and summarised the risk factors related to AAE in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Screening risk factors of AAE in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Logistic regression analysis showed that coronary heart disease, as well as abnormal indicators of haemoglobin, albumin, uric acid and blood phosphorus were independent risk factors for patients with CKD with AAE (OR values were 4.137, 0.963, 0.849, 0.996 0.161, respectively, all p&lt;0.05). The case fatality rate (Pearson \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =7.524, p=0.006), rehospitalisation rate (Pearson \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =6.187, p=0.013) and treatment costs (t=\u22128.44, p&lt;0.001) in encephalopathy group are significantly higher than the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with CKD with AAE will increase the case fatality rate and cause poor prognosis. Coronary heart disease, as well as decreased levels of haemoglobin, albumin, uric acid, and blood phosphorus are independent risk factors for patients with CKD with AAE. Timely intervention of these risk factors may reduce the incidence of AAE and improve the prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T10:46:00Z","timestamp":1671187560000},"page":"e064995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retrospective case\u2013control study on screening risk factors of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hongling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.03991.x"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000499649.36058.c0","article-title":"Antibiotic-Associated encephalopathy","volume":"87","author":"Stip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002455","article-title":"Antibiotic-Associated encephalopathy","volume":"86","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030006052092450","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520924507","article-title":"A case of suspected antibiotic-associated encephalopathy in a patient undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis","volume":"48","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8774-16","article-title":"Ceftriaxone-induced neurotoxicity in a patient after pancreas-kidney transplantation","volume":"56","author":"Hagiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz857","article-title":"Ceftaroline-associated encephalopathy in patients with severe renal impairment","volume":"70","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.06.008"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.08.001"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.09.063"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel model of cerebral hyperperfusion with blood-brain barrier breakdown, white matter injury, and cognitive dysfunction","author":"Mansour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00451-16"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.09.003"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105453","article-title":"Hemoglobin improvement is positively associated with functional outcomes in stroke patients with anemia","volume":"30","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025121222375607000_12.12.e064995.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1412827","article-title":"Non-oncotic properties of albumin. 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