{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:13:12Z","timestamp":1783487592360,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Swedish Heart and Lung Association","award":["E091\/10, E122\/11, E083\/12, and E103\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E091\/10, E122\/11, E083\/12, and E103\/13"]}]},{"name":"Country Council of Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden,","award":["LIO-92281, 125151, 27535, 354951, and LIO- 433801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIO-92281, 125151, 27535, 354951, and LIO- 433801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate long-term effects of a 1-year problem-based learning (PBL) on self-management and cardiac risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A prospective, randomised, parallel single centre trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Settings<\/jats:title>\n Primary care settings in Sweden.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 157 patients with stable CHD completed the study. Subjects with reading and writing impairments, mental illness or expected survival less than 1 year were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n Participants were randomised and assigned to receive either PBL (intervention) or home-sent patient information (control group). In this study, participants were followed up at baseline, 1, 3 and 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n Primary outcome was patient empowerment (Swedish Coronary Empowerment Scale, SWE-CES) and secondary outcomes General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), self-rated health status (EQ-VAS), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), body mass index (BMI), weight and smoking. Outcomes were adjusted for sociodemographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The PBL intervention group resulted in a significant improved change in SWE-CES over the 5-year period (mean (M), 39.39; 95% CI 37.88 to 40.89) compared with the baseline (M 36.54; 95% CI 35.40 to 37.66). PBL intervention group increased HDL-C level (M 1.39; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.50) compared with baseline (M 1.24; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.33) and for EQ-VAS (M 77.33; 95% CI 73.21 to 81.45) compared with baseline (M 68.13; 95% CI 63.66 to 72.59) while these outcomes remained unchanged in the control group. There were no significant differences in BMI, weight or scores on GSES, neither between nor within groups over time. The overall proportion of smokers was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n One-year PBL intervention had positive effect on patient empowerment, health status and HDL-C at a 5-year follow-up compared with the control group. PBL education aiming to improve patient empowerment in cardiac rehabilitation should account for sociodemographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT01462799<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T21:15:21Z","timestamp":1677273321000},"page":"e065230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does problem-based learning improve patient empowerment and cardiac risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease in a Swedish primary care setting? 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