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Data extraction was carried out by two independent reviewers using the OVID database and data were imported into MS Excel. Out of 5208 identified studies, 28 studies were included in this systematic review. Due to heterogeneity in study design, built environment and outcome definitions, a semiqualitative analysis was conducted, which synthesised results using weighted z-scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five broad categories of built environment characteristics were associated with T2D in Asia. These included urban green space, walkability, food environment, availability and accessibility of services such as recreational and healthcare facilities and air pollution. We found very strong evidence of a positive association of particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide (p&lt;0.001) with T2D risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several built environment attributes were significantly related to T2D in Asia. When compared with Western countries, very few studies have been conducted in Asia. Further research is, therefore, warranted to establish the importance of the built environment on T2D. Such evidence is essential for public health and planning policies to (re)design neighbourhoods and help improve public health across Asian countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42020214852.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T13:38:13Z","timestamp":1680615493000},"page":"e065431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Associations of the built environment with type 2 diabetes in Asia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7742-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garudam Raveendiran","family":"Aarthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Operations, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaharullah Shah","family":"Mehreen Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Operations, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana Al","family":"Moosawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovations, Imperial College Business School, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Ranjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra","family":"Paradeepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatasubramanian","family":"Padma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit Mohan","family":"Anjana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221475070000_13.4.e065431.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8"},{"key":"2025121221475070000_13.4.e065431.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60484-9"},{"key":"2025121221475070000_13.4.e065431.3","unstructured":"Diabetes [internet]. n.d. 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