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(2) To assess if preterm and term SGA and LGA infants have more parent-reported learning, behavioural, hearing, movement and hand problems in early childhood compared with AGA infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wales, UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>7004 children with neurodevelopmental outcomes from the Respiratory and Neurological Outcomes of Children Born Preterm Study which enrolled 7129 children, born from 23 weeks of gestation onwards, to mothers aged 18\u201350 years of age were included in the analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parent-reported single-answer questionnaires were completed in 2013 to assess early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes. The primary outcome was parent-reported speech problems in early childhood adjusted for clinical and demographic confounders in SGA and LGA infants compared with AGA infants. Secondary outcomes measured were parent-reported early childhood learning, behavioural, hearing, movement and hand problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median age at the time of study was 5 years, range 2\u201310 years. Although the adjusted OR was 1.19 (0.92 to 1.55) for SGA infants and OR 1.11 (0.88 to 1.41) for LGA infants, this failed to reach statistical significance that these subgroups were more likely to have parent-reported speech problems in early childhood compared with AGA infants. This study also found parent-reported evidence suggestive of potential learning difficulties in early childhood (OR 1.51 (1.13 to 2.02)) and behavioural problems (OR 1.35 (1.01 to 1.79)) in SGA infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study of 7004 infants in Wales suggests that infants born SGA or LGA likely do not have higher risks of parent-reported speech problems in early childhood compared with infants born AGA. To further ascertain this finding, studies with wider population coverage and longer-term follow-up would be needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T11:11:22Z","timestamp":1682593882000},"page":"e065587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early childhood parent-reported speech problems in small and large for gestational age term-born and preterm-born infants: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6647-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Jee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Joanne","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1721-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallinath","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sailesh","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Odd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff, UK"},{"name":"Department of Population Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17381"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01155.x"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.118","article-title":"Population-Based risks of mortality and preterm morbidity by gestational age and birth weight","volume":"36","author":"Baer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311790"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.11.043","article-title":"Born large for gestational age: bigger is not always better","volume":"170","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.302"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13593","article-title":"Long-Term outcomes for large for gestational age infants born at term","volume":"53","author":"Khambalia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.83.2.F148"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.042","article-title":"In-Hospital outcomes in large for gestational age infants at 22-29 weeks of gestation","volume":"198","author":"Boghossian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025121604580145000_13.4.e065587.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore GS , Kneitel AW , Walker CK , et al . 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