{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:22:02Z","timestamp":1792869722449,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["009639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["009639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among nationally representative cross-sections of women in need of contraception from Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and Kenya, we aimed to: (1) examine the intersection of past-year physical\/sexual intimate partner violence (IPV), emotional IPV and reproductive coercion (RC) and (2) assess the impact of physical\/sexual IPV, emotional IPV and RC on women\u2019s contraceptive use outcomes, including current contraceptive use, method type and covert use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present analysis uses cross-sectional female data collected in Burkina Faso (December 2020\u2013March 2021), C\u00f4te d'Ivoire (October\u2013November 2021) and Kenya (November\u2013December 2020).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and Kenya<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analytical samples were restricted to partnered women with contraceptive need who completed a violence module (Burkina Faso n=1863; C\u00f4te d'Ivoire n=1105; Kenya n=3390).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exposures of interest\u2014past-year emotional IPV, physical\/sexual IPV and RC\u2014were assessed using abridged versions of the Revised Conflict and Tactics Scale-2 and Reproductive Coercion Scale, respectively. Outcomes of interest included current contraceptive use, contraceptive method type (female controlled vs male compliant), and covert contraceptive use, and used standard assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across sites, 6.4% (C\u00f4te d'Ivoire) to 7.8% (Kenya) of women in need of contraception experienced RC; approximately one-third to one-half of women experiencing RC reported no other violence forms (31.7% in Burkina Faso to 45.8% in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire), whereas physical\/sexual IPV largely occurred with emotional IPV. In multivariable models, RC was consistently associated with covert use (Burkina Faso: aOR 2.84 (95% CI 1.21 to 6.64); C\u00f4te d'Ivoire: aOR 4.45 (95% CI 1.76 to 11.25); Kenya: aOR 5.77 (95% CI 3.51 to 9.46)). Some IPV in some settings was also associated with covert use (emotional IPV, Burkina Faso: aOR 2.99 (95% CI 1.56 to 5.74); physical\/sexual, Kenya: aOR 2.35 (95% CI 1.33 to 4.17)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across settings, covert use is a critical strategy for women experiencing RC. Country policies must recognise RC as a unique form of violence with profound implications for women\u2019s reproductive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T12:59:20Z","timestamp":1683723560000},"page":"e065697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intersection of reproductive coercion and intimate partner violence: cross-sectional influences on women\u2019s contraceptive use in Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon N","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley L","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Thiongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Reproductive Health Kenya, Mombasa, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Guiella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences de la Population, Ouagadougou, Centre, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiacre","family":"Bazi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences de la Population, Ouagadougou, Centre, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yent\u00e9ma","family":"Onadja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences de la Population, Ouagadougou, Centre, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosine","family":"Mosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale Superieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquee, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimi","family":"Fassassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale Superieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquee, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Reproductive Health Kenya, Mombasa, Kenya"},{"name":"Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele R","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120618331366000_13.5.e065697.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7"},{"key":"2025120618331366000_13.5.e065697.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.33.1.3"},{"issue":"September 2018","key":"2025120618331366000_13.5.e065697.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100377","article-title":"Measuring psychological abuse by intimate partners: constructing a cross-cultural indicator for the sustainable development goals","volume":"9","author":"Heise","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2025120618331366000_13.5.e065697.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001723","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and reproductive coercion: global barriers to women\u2019s reproductive control","volume":"11","author":"Silverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025120618331366000_13.5.e065697.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grace KT , Anderson JC . n.d. 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