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We hypothesised that the improvement in long-term mortality of COPD was achieved due to the development of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was a retrospective analysis of two observational prospective cohort studies. One study enrolled subjects from 1995 to 1997 (the 1990s), and the other enrolled subjects from 2005 to 2009 (the 2000s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two studies from a single centre, which was the same university hospital in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with stable COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed all-cause mortality data from the pooled database. Subanalyses were conducted by stratifying subjects into two groups according to airflow limitation severity as severe\/very severe (per cent predicted value of forced expiratory volume in 1\u2009s (%FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) &lt;50%) or mild\/moderate (%FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u226550%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 280 male patients with COPD were enrolled. Patients in the 2000s (n=130) were significantly older (71.6 vs 68.7 years) and had milder disease (%FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>; 57.6% vs 47.1%) than those in the 1990s (n=150). Almost all severe\/very severe patients in the 2000s received long-acting bronchodilators (LABDs), and they had a significantly lower risk of mortality than those in the 1990s according to Cox proportional regression analyses (OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.13\u20130.78), with a 48% reduction in 5-year mortality (from 31.0% to 16.1%). Moreover, any LABD use had a significantly positive impact on prognosis, even after adjustments for age, FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, smoking status, dyspnoea, body size, oxygen therapy and study period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trends indicating a better prognosis for patients with COPD in the 2000s were observed. 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