{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:22:27Z","timestamp":1765876947001,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent and increasing use of over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA) among adolescents is a public health concern. Prior research indicates that adolescents exposed to traumatic events may be at increased risk of suffering from headaches and musculoskeletal pain. In this study, we assessed the association between trauma exposure and use of OTCA for headaches and musculoskeletal pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional population study among adolescents, self-reported data on trauma exposure, pain and use of OTCA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 10 608 adolescents aged 13\u201319 years in a region of Norway were invited in this school-based survey, participation rate was 76%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequency of OTCA use for headache and musculoskeletal pain served as separate outcomes in ordinal logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma exposure was significantly and consistently related to higher frequency use of OTCA for headache and musculoskeletal pain, of which associations for bullying (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.12, and OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.70 to 2.66), physical violence (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.78 and OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.32) and sexual abuse (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.18 and OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.90) were particularly strong. A dose\u2013response relationship was found between interpersonal violence and OTCA use for headache (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.66 for one type and OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.14 for two or more types) and musculoskeletal pain (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.91 to 3.00 for one type and OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.91 to 3.00 for two or more types). The associations remained significant after adjustment for pain, although an attenuation in strength was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma exposed adolescents use OTCA for headaches and musculoskeletal pain more frequently than those not exposed. The higher frequency of pain conditions among trauma exposed only partially explained their more frequent OTCA use, indicating an increased risk relating to features beyond frequency of pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,19]],"date-time":"2023-03-19T03:48:09Z","timestamp":1679197689000},"page":"e066058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exposure to traumatic events and use of over-the-counter analgesics in adolescents: cross-sectional findings from the Young-HUNT study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9688-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Baumann-Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grete","family":"Dyb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Section for Trauma, catastrophes and forced migration - children and youths, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Wentzel-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Trauma, catastrophes and forced migration - children and youths, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John-Anker","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjersti","family":"Storheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Synne \u00d8ien","family":"Stensland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Section for Trauma, catastrophes and forced migration - children and youths, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv035","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 medicine use for headache: secular trends in 20 countries from 1986 to 2010","volume":"25 Suppl 2","author":"Holstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2021.04.010","article-title":"Over-the-counter analgesics: a meta-synthesis of pain self-management in adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Kiza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0033","article-title":"Pain medication use for musculoskeletal pain among children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12054-3","article-title":"Over-The-Counter analgesics use is associated with pain and psychological distress among adolescents: a mixed effects approach in cross-sectional survey data from Norway","volume":"21","author":"Jonassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C111"},{"key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000091"},{"key":"2025121601193346000_13.3.e066058.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stangeland H , Handal M , Skurtveit SO , et al . 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